More Than A Game By John Swales - 1628 Words

More Than A Game Nearly every American knows the popular song, â€Å"Take Me Out to the Ball Game.† It has commemorated the national sport baseball for many years, drawing fans from coast to coast creating a unique community that is truly American. However this song fails to portray the true nature of the sport. If we don t win, yes it is a shame, but it s not just about one, two, three strikes and you re out, it s about learning to play the game; and not just the game of baseball but the game of life. There are countless numbers of communities similar to the baseball community that operate in unique ways, yet meet the many of the same criteria. According to linguist, John Swales’ theory on discourse communities, â€Å"there are common goals, participatory mechanisms, information exchange, community specific genres, a highly specialized terminology and a high general level of expertise.† analyze quote more Being a freshman on the Boise State University softball I am aware of the team being an example of a discourse community with it’s own unique traits as defined by Swaels’ six characteristics. Add thesis, clarify purpose and â€Å"how† Rethink organization â€Å"general to specific† Common Goal Obviously being a part of a sports team comes with the common goal of winning. Our team aspires to to better our record this season to achieve 36+ wins by the end of our season. However this is not the only goal we want to achieve. It is also important to us and our coaching staff that we areShow MoreRelatedReflection Of A Discourse Community1587 Words   |  7 Pagesteam was a discourse community to me. And what roles we did to become a discourse community. Many people say basketball is all about winning games. But its more than that, I’ve learned many concepts in the game of basketball I’m going demonstrate what made my basketball team a discourse community. Definition What is a discourse community? What do John Swales mean by a discourse community? And what are the six steps in a discourse community? â€Å"A discourse community is a group of people that’s tryingRead MoreIn The World Today, There Are Many Jobs/Career To Choose1816 Words   |  8 Pagescareer sets everyone apart and provides them their own discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people or ideas that share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. John Swales defined discourse communities as groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals. (221) The nursing discourse community falls under the larger, medical discourse community, where they are alike, but not completelyRead MoreThe Concept Of Discourse Community2080 Words   |  9 PagesCommunity,† in the textbook, Writing About Writing, John Swales stressed that in order to be classified as a discourse community the group has to have all six defining characteristics. Swales emphasized, â€Å"A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals, mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, uses its participatory mechanisms primarily to provide information and feedback, utilities and hence processes one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aimsRead More Definition Essay - Genre1750 Words   |  7 Pagesmedium, independent of specific content (see also Narrative/Lyric/Drama). Yet Aristotles genre binary of Tragedy and Comedy rests on some observation of the objects of imitation themselves: Comedy aims at representing men as worse, Tragedy as better than in actual life (Aristotle, 52). Later, in Section IV of The Poetics , Aristotle offers another method of generating this binary, based in historical observation (or some semblance of it). One final consideration, that of a works purpose, arisesRead MoreA Discourse Community, By Educator An d Researcher John Swales1800 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscourse community is a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field. According to The Concept of Discourse Community, by educator and researcher John Swales, a discourse community can be defined by six characteristics.† Instagram does meets swales six characteristics of a discourse community. The first characteristic is people of the group share a common goal, and that goal is posting picture for set reasons, whether it is boredom, to reuniteRead MoreCommunication Between Students And Foreign Language1857 Words   |  8 Pageslanguage has become more widespread throughout the professional and nonprofessional population. In order to gain knowledge of another language, there must be a group of people willing to share their wisdom with others in a way that can be understood. The most common example of these kinds of groups are teachers, and the foreign language teacher s at Columbus North High School are one of many. They are formed in their own discourse community within the high school. According to John Swales, a discourse communityRead MoreThe Game Of Minecraft Is Very Diverse And Open1813 Words   |  8 PagesMethods The game of Minecraft is very diverse and open. There are many things to do and many ways to do them. You can play alone, on a server with people from all around the world, or on your own world with your friends. You can play vanilla Minecraft, which is the default version, creative, where you can get all the resources you need without working for them, or on servers, which have endless possibilities of games to play. To answer my research questions, I analyzed the genres in Minecraft andRead MoreEssay on The Applications of Artificial Intelligence5047 Words   |  21 Pagesthousands of years, into the earliest studies of the nature of knowledge and reasoning. Intelligent artifacts appear in Greek mythology; the idea of developing ways to perform reasoning automatically, and efforts to build automata to perform tasks such as game-playing, date back hundreds of years. Psychologists have long studied human cognition, helping to build up knowledge about the nature of human intelligence. Philosophers have analyzed the nature of knowledge, have studied the mind-body problem of howRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesstory of general growth rather than self-cultivation. An Erziehungsroman (education novel) focuses on training and formal schooling,[citation needed] while a Kà ¼nstlerroman (artist novel) is about the development of an artist and shows a growt h of the self.[16] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as Bildungsroman although being predominantly factual (an example being The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto Che Guevara).[17] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-ageRead MoreA Research Study On Linguistics7646 Words   |  31 Pagesadditionally says that discourse mistakes don t have a tendency to influence them. It is frequently said that being in a reference gathering builds up the attitude to respond to an arrangement of frameworks. In any case, to comprehend a procedure more profound, one needs to receive an individualistic methodology. The same has been clarified by Chomsky. Passing by his announcement, ability of a solitary individual is regularly determined by the syntax; this considers the general decides that turn

Philosophical Implications of Cultural Relativism

Philosophical Implications of Cultural Relativism Philosophical position of Cultural Relativism is best understood in terms of its epistemological, ethical and logical implications. Philosophical means articulation, argumentation, analysis, and synthesis of the idea, principle or concept. [1] Implication is a relationship between two propositions that holds when both propositions are true and fails when the first is true but the second is false. It is to develop a logical cohesion among arguments for implicit understanding of idea or principle and something else without expressing it directly. â€Å"Philosophical implications of cultural relativism†, suggests to put the idea of cultural relativism in clear, concise and readily understandable†¦show more content†¦It is ethnocentrism that which gives people their sense of peoplehood, group identity, and place in history-all of which are valuable traits to possess. Ethnocentrism becomes negative when ones own group becomes the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It reaches its extreme negative form when a more powerful group not only imposes its rule on another, but actively depreciates the things they hold to be of value. [5] The holocaust and the genocide of the American Indian are all examples of this third level of ethnocentrism. We are ethnocentric when we use our cultural norms to make generalizations about other peoples cultures and customs. Franz Boas argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist. Boas urged to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism. Boas developed the principle of cultural relativism as a tool for developing non-ethnocentric studies of different societies. Hence in a rapidly changing world society where people are in closer interaction with each other comprises of both negative attitudes towards other cultures and/or ethnic groups arise out of ethnocentrism, while positive attitudes are the result of a culturally relativist approach. 3.2 Epistemological analysis of Cultural Relativism The epistemological issues associated with cultural relativism have been hotly debated within and without anthropology throughout theShow MoreRelated Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentism - which is more objective?1042 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately subjective, as our perceptions of cultural differences are shaped largely by our immersion in our own culture. An ethnocentric approach stems from judging an alternate culture in relation to one’s own pre-conceived cultural values, held to be superior; the parallax phenomenon, the inability to escape our own biases, prevents objective analysis of different cultures. A cultural relativist maintains the post-modernist view that there is no moral or cultural high-ground with which to judge one cultureRead MoreTruth, Consequences and Culture2778 Words   |  12 Pagesinternational arena, because members of different national cultures frequently apply different ethical standards and criteria This remains a vexing challenge for those e ngaged in international trade. This gave us the opportunity to observe cross-cultural differences firsthand, using our own students as subjects. Initially, our data originated as a class exercise intended simply to motivate discussion. As is customary in marketing and business ethics classes, students were asked to read a printedRead MoreCultural Relativism And Its Impact On Society Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pagesones actions, there are some cases where cultural considerations make no difference in whether an action is moral or not. Thus I will argue for the existence of an objective universal standard of morality independent of human culture. This will be in contrast to the theory of cultural relativism which states that all morality is determined by cultural norms. In the first part of this essay I will examine a crude form of the argument made by cultural relativism and then a more refined version. I willRead More Philosophy Essay3726 Words   |  15 Pages Relativism -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The first clear statement of relativism comes with the Sophist Protagoras, as quoted by Plato, quot;The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me; and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for youquot; (Theaetetus 152a). Thus, however I see things, that is actually true -- for me. If you see things differently, then that is true -- for you. There is no separate or objectiveRead MoreCultural Matthew M. Le Claire Essay2212 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Universals Matthew M. Le Claire University of Nevada, Las Vegas Department of Sociology Matthew M. Le Claire received his Bachelor and Master?s degrees in criminal justice from the University of Nevada, Reno. Currently he is working towards his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where his areas of specialization are crime, deviance, and culture. Culture itself is a complex topic with multiple definitions ranging from the organic to the mechanical, the naturalRead MoreDifferences Between Marx And Feuerbach s Conceptions Of The Relationship Between Philosophy And Religion1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe following essay will be considering the differences between Marx’s and Feuerbach’s conceptions of the relationship between philosophy and religion, as well as the implications this has for their thoughts on religion, which brief discussion on the criticisms one could pose to these thinkers for their theories. What is important to note before we begin is that both of these thinkers are reacting to the Enlightenment era of Philosophy which is the idea of a rational and scientific approach to religionRead MorePersonal Worldview Inventory1710 Words   |  7 Pageswould feel and how would we behave? Those who take the time to do this are often more likely to provide help to others. Spirituality can lead to a person bei ng more caring and respectful of others (Saslow, 2011). Philosophical Perspectives When considering spirituality from a philosophical point of view, a person may ask: what is life all about, is it meaningful, why am I here, what happens after I die? A person’s thoughts or behavior may result in them having feelings of loneliness, confusion andRead MoreEssay on Philosophy and Multiculturalism: Searle, Rorty, and Taylor3034 Words   |  13 Pagesand Taylor ABSTRACT: John Searle opposes multiculturalism because he views it as part of a movement to undermine the concepts of truth and objectivity in the Western tradition. Richard Rorty disagrees with Searle about the relation between philosophical theories of truth and academic practices, but he is neutral on the issue of multiculturalism. Charles Taylor approaches the issue historically, defending multiculturalism as emerging from one branch of liberal political theory. I argue that theRead MoreCultural Relativism and Child Labor2633 Words   |  11 PagesCultural Relativism and Child Labor Child Labor The use of child labor in developing nations is not a moral issue, it is a cultural one. International corporations should not let the moral argument or current legislation such as the Child Labor Deterrence Act (CLDA) influence how and where they conduct operations. Grounded in what appears as legitimate concern for children, proposed legislation such as the CLDA hinder the potential growth and progress of developing nations by limiting the numberRead More Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 Pageshas tended to formulate a particular approach to aesthetic educationand a unique version of a philosophical humanismwhich is then presented as critical theoryagainst the debilitating fragmentation of consciousness and profound numbing of the senses that are considered to be the major sources of our current cultural alienation. In this paper, I want to examine critically some of the problematic implications of Herbert Marcuses philosophy in particular for an emancipatory theory of education. Marcuses

Human Error Theory in Health Care Free Essays

Patient safety is a basic standard of health care. Every step in health care service contains intrinsic unsafe factors . The combination among newest technologies, health innovations and treatments have introduced a synergistic development in health care industry, and transformed it into more complex field. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Error Theory in Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now This rise health safety risks which may result from problems in practice, procedures and medicine etc . This Essay will discuss the relationship between human factors and patient safety. Definitions Patient safety is the reduction of unnecessary harm associated with healthcares to acceptable minimum â€Å"(Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Human error in health care can be observed by two different methods: â€Å"the person approach and the system approach†, each model has own perspectives . Understanding these differences has a significant practical outcomes in healthcare industry and open sights for management of medical error (Reason, 2000). The person approach stress on the hazardous act and procedural deviations of nurses,  physicians, pharmacists. It analyses these risky acts as resulting mainly from deviant mental functions such as lack of memory amp; concentration , poor enthusiasm , carelessness, , and recklessness(Reason, 2000) . The associated preventive measures are intended mainly at decreasing risky inconsistency in human performance (Reason, 2000) . Whereas the system approach insight human errors as consequences rather than causes, thus it relays the reasons for error occurrence on failure of organizational system (Reason, 2000). Countermeasures are established on the theory that although â€Å"we cannot change the human condition, we can adjust the  circumstances under which humans work† (Reason, 2000). Human error Theory Patients always expect miraculous solutions to each problem. In such expectations people who receive medical services tend to believe that no mistakes can happen. It is actually not so, and it is seen that there are instances where the medical errors can occur at any stage (Moyen, Camrie, Stelfox, 2008). They can take place if the healthcare provider chooses an inappropriate method of diagnosing the problem. There is another scope for medical error if the execution part goes wrong, even after choosing the correct method. Therefore, such medical errors are only referred to as the human errors in the area of health science (Moyen , Camrie ,Stelfox ,2008 ) . The importance of this issue can be seen according to the report provided by the American Institute of Medicine. It stated that US Hospitals been have astonishing as there had been deaths which were be ‘avoidable’. Some cases were the medical staff inconvenient, and others were seen that the poor system was actually beyond the failure. The possible flaws in the system are there like the poor communication, between the medical team and between them and the patients; also the reporting system of the hospital suffers from the lack of the coordination in the hospital system (Taxis amp; Barber, 2003). . This subject can be better understood with relation to the existing human error theory which consider errors are opportunities for improvement and it interestingly highlight the concept of error, the same issue was adhered by literary thinker and philosopher Francis Bacon(1620), that human mind has always thought of the ‘over-generalisations’ which means that the human mind always have that over-confident element of remembering things. This thought itself gives rise to error, because it all of being thoroughly perfect which is not possible. The theory stands widely accepted by the British Department of Health, they have moved away from solely blaming the individuals, towards accepting the fact that error is something inevitable ( Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Various literary scholars, scientists and the psychologist have pointed out the fact that there are some cognitive processes and the multiple disturbing factors in the organisational environment and the surroundings that can lead to various accidents in the health care domain. According to Reason’s interpretation for the concept of error (1990), it is â€Å"the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended – without the intervention of some unforeseeable event; or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. † This definition was somehow subjected to varied reactions, while some accepted this possibility of the error while others thought it was only a pretext for the mistakes done in a medical scenario. Though in the contemporary context this Human Error Theory has gained popularity because the same has been highly in relevance to the Norman’s idea of error, and thus these perspectives which have been built are the ‘Human Factors’ (Carayon, 2008) Further many factors have been analysed with relation to the same theory like the slips and the lapses from the memory, the mental performance etc (Carayon, 2008). The same theory is widely accepted because of the precise description for the human factors but still the same remains vulnerable to the criticism. The same effectively brings out that the nursing is an important factor in healthcare but there can be chances for human fallibility where even the same system can fail to acknowledge those how such errors can be avoided. But the critique of the same has been there on building up the counter-argument that the job of nursing accompanies humanities, therefore the basic human factors which can be controlled like the personal hygiene like the wearing of the uniform, washing the hands, the use of anti-bacterial and the anti-viral techniques while handling the patients can guarantee high infection control (Handler, et al, 2006). The availability of the trained staff which is willing to attend the patients can effectively led to stop the fostering of the errors. Other human factors which can be worked upon by the nursing staff in the hospital can range from the valid reason for which a drug is being used the collection of the true and the right records therefore the proper documentation of the patient’s disease. These were the critiques that were made on the various human actors which can lead to serious medical flaws (system) and the consequences can become fatal (Handler, et al, 2006). Swiss cheese Model Also, the assessment of the Swiss Cheese Model is necessary to understand that how the system of the medical errors contains the holes of the errors. Alike the holes that are present in a Swiss cheese there are the inherent holes that are present in the medical system. This interpretation of the errors is formed on the basis of the Swiss cheese model, it emphasis on the causes present in the system rather than blaming any sort of the individual failures. In a way this model has acted so far as a representative for giving an idea how can the painful events occur in a healthcare system and how should they be prevented. The Swiss Cheese Model effectively brings the significant human factors and the system factors which impact the health care set up and the various quality and the safety perspectives. The medical errors according to the model have a scope to arise because of the Organisational factors, the unsafe work conditions, the human tendency for the unsafe actions and the unsafe acts. The organisational influences are the lack of the management of the resources that are provided in the healthcare settings like the excessive use of the tools which are torn out, the improperly maintained machines and the lack of coordination among the staff members (Reason, 2000). The next is the distracting and the fluctuating work environment of the hospital, also referred to as the Organisational climate, like the lazy staff members, the inexpert doctors and the dogmatic nurses who are unwilling to attend to the patient’s queries. The third influential factor is the operational process; this accounts to the methodology that is followed for diagnosis, the nurse or the medical supervisor might indulge either too fast processing or the too slow processes (Karman, L. , 2008). The extreme behaviour of the clinicians and the health care staff thus can be referred to as the problematic in the operational process. The interpretation of the model defines that the healthcare system should be diligent in dealing with the patients at the right time and with the right networking, for this the recommended system by the Swiss Cheese Model where the holes should be seen as the chances where the on-going plan or the operation can fail and the slices of the cheese are the ‘defensive layers’ thus becoming the safety steps or the shields (Karmen, L. 2008).. Therefore, the different layers only act as the filter, where even if the mistake, the error or the flaw in the operation has occurred in the first step then the same can be trapped in the defensive layer, leaving no scope for the error to be passed on to the next level. This is possible because the next layer would not be having the same positions of the holes as it was in the previous layer. This interpretation thus propagates the main idea that though the natural tendency of a human being to make mistakes cannot be corrected but the correction can be made at the part of the plan that is being executed so that the chances of the fatal consequences are effectively minimised (Karmen, L. , 2008). Conclusion On the basis of the Human Error Theory and the basic Human Factors that are responsible for the failure of the health care system, one can conclude that the critical review of Swiss Cheese Model can come to rescue many patients ho are admitted to the healthcare centres. The question which the analysis has answered is that ‘Can the human errors be effectively reduced in the medical context? ’ and it seems that a positive light spot on the solutions to catch the problematic have been provided by the collaborative efforts of the literary precursors, the medical scholars and the psychologists. The model and the theory which has been studied effectively solves th e problem by attacking its root in that health care setting is an indefinite system in which the safety of the patient resides (Wagner, C et. l , 2001). The safety amp; quality is only achieved while there is possible healthy interaction between the medical providers, the health care standards and the potential errors in the existing health care system. References Carayon, P. (2010). Human factors in patient safety as an innovation. Applied Ergonomics, 41(5): 657-665. Handler,S. , Castle, N. , Studenski, S. , Perera, S. , Fridsma, D. , Nace, D. , amp; Hanlon, J. (2006). Patient safety culture assessment in the nursing home. Qual Saf Health Care 15(6), 400-404. Karmen, L. (2008). Pilot, Swiss cheese, and cash machinery: Health of the Health System. Croatian Medical Journal, 49(5), 689. Moyen, E. , Camire, E. , amp; Stelfox, H. T. (2008). Clinical review: medication errors in critical care. Critical Care Medicine, 12(2), 208. Taxis, K. , amp; Barber, N. (2003). Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors. British Medical Journal, 11, 326. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: models and management. British Medical Journal,  320:768-70. Runciman, W. , Hibbert,P. , Thomson, R. , Schaaf, T. V. D. , Sherman, H. , amp; Lewalle, P. (2009). Towards an international classification for patient safety: key concepts and terms. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 21(1). 18-26. Wagner, C. , Wal, G. , Groenewegen, P. , amp; Bakker, D. (2001). The effectiveness of quality systems in nursing homes: a review. Qual Health Care 10(4), 211-217. . How to cite Human Error Theory in Health Care, Papers

Destination Research Report Tourism Sector of South Korea

Question: Conduct an analysis of South Korea as a tourism destination and write a research Report? Answer: Abstract: Tourism sector of South Korea influences economical growth of the country. In last few years number of tourists in South Korea increased rapidly. With the increase in number of tourists, the tourism sector of the country is also experiencing change in nature of tourists. High growth of tourism also led to problems related with lack of infrastructure and safety of tourists. In this report, the push and pull factors for Korean tourism are discussed. The report also contains analysis of strategies for promotion of tourism in Korea.oghHghH 1. Introduction: Chen et al., (2013) opines that the nature of international tourists is changing rapidly. Analysis of the emerging tourism trends indicates that large number of tourists prefers to visit south Asian countries. South Korea one of the emerging tourist spots in Asia. Analysis of the growth in number of tourists visiting South Korea indicates that the visitors are not only attracted by historical places, natural beauty and cultural heritage of the country also attracts tourists. Population of South Korea is approximately 51 million Bigley et al. (2010). More than 80% of the total population lives in urban areas (Guichard-Anguis and Moon, 2009). High cultural diversity is seen among Korean population. According to An (2013) Korean traditional culture is influenced by Japanese and western culture. Although Korean culture s influenced by different cultures, features of multicultural society is not evident till now (Cai et al., 2009). Conrady and Buck (2012) consider that the tourists are at tracted not only by natural beauty, but the opportunity for experiencing cultural activities also increases the number of tourists. 2. Analysis on Push Factors: According to (asds) origin of a tourist influences on the motivation for visiting a place. On other hand, Griffin and Raj, (2012) considers that behavior of tourists is greatly impacted by need for relaxation and social -interaction. Number of international tourists is increasing rapidly in Korea Waitt (2015). However the tourists from different countries visit Korea due to presence of different motivational factors. In this report, countries from where most of the tourists visit Korea are indentified. Similarities among these push factor are also analyzed. 2.1 List of source markets: Analysis of the nationality of tourists indicates that the most of the tourists visiting South Korea belong to East Asian and Asia Pacific countries. It is observed that number of Chinese tourists is highest among international tourists. Korean tourism sector experienced rapid increase in the number of Chinese tourists in past few years. Japanese tourists account for a significant portion of total international tourists in South Korea. However, Hsu and Gartner (2012) opined that the number of Japanese tourists in Korea is decreasing gradually due to fluctuation in Japanese economy. Analysis in the nationality of tourists indicates that Taiwan can be considered as one of the most profitable source markets for Korean Tourism Industry. Other Asian countries from where large number of tourists visits Korea are Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia Singapore etc. Findings of the analysis also reflects that most if the tourist who belong to Japan ,Taiwan ,Hong Kong are female. On other hand, numbe r of male tourists is more in tourists groups of Indonesia, Singapore and Myanmar. Figure 1: Number of tourists in South Korea from different countries (Source: Kto.visitkorea.or.kr, 2015) Apart from Asian tourists a large number of American and European tourists visit South Korea every year. Most of the European tourists in South Korea belong to UK. Other European countries which can be considered as source markets for Korean tourism sector are Germany France and Italy. Huge number of tourists from US also prefers to visit Korea. 2.2 Key push factors from three source countries: China Japan Taiwan Relaxation Professional purposes Meeting with relatives Relaxation Educational purposes Relationship between two countries Relaxation Table 1: Key push factors for tourists from China, Japan and Taiwan Analysis on the number of tourists in South Korea indicates that most of the tourists come from countries such as China, Japan and Taiwan Hyun and Cho (2014) stated that activities of a tourist are influenced by motivational factors. Push factors of tourists from main source countries can be identified by analyzing their activities in Korea. Push factors for Chinese tourists: Previously Chinese tourists visited Korea for business purposes. However the nature of Chinese tourists changed and analysis on the current activities of these tourists indicates that most of them visit Korea for relaxation (Kim et al., 2013). However significant number of Chinese tourists still visits Korea for business. A large portion of tourists from china visit Korea for meeting with their friends and relatives. Analysis on the activities of Chinese tourists indicates that main push factors are -relaxation, social interaction and professional activity. (Refer to appendix 3) Relaxation: In recent years expenditure of Chinese tourists increased significantly during their visit in South Korea. Although most of the Chinese tourists are attracted by natural beauty and cultural heritage of Korea, the number of people who visit the country for shopping or skincare treatments is also increasing rapidly. Push factors for Japanese tourists: Most of the Japanese tourists consider Korea as their destination for shopping. Korean War not only led to loss of lives, but it also transformed the traditional South Korean society. Impacts of this war are still evident in Demilitarized zones of Korea. Large number of Japanese tourists prefers to visit Korean War related places. Apart from this opportunity of experiencing rural culture is one of the main attractions for Japanese tourists. The current discussion on the activities of Japanese tourists indicates that these tourists visit Korea for relaxation and educational purposes. Relaxation: According to Koehler (2012) Japanese tourists focus more on shopping than any other ethnic groups. Most of the Japanese tourists spend more time in shopping while visiting Korea. Large number of the Japanese tourists prefers visiting shopping centers, food courts and other entertainment zones in Korea. Although Japanese people prefer more to travel in groups, the number of single tourists is also high in Korea. Analysis on the spending nature of these tourist groups also reflects that most of the Japanese people come to Korea for spending their leisure. Educational purpose: Although it is observed that Japanese people are more interested in shopping while visiting Korea, demilitarized zones of the country are one of the main centers of attraction for these tourists (Kyoung-Jin, 2012). Most of the tourists who visit areas related with Korean War intend to know about the impacts of war. Understanding the relation between North and South Korea is also one of the main purposes of Japanese visitors in this country. Push factors for tourists from Taiwan: Number of tourists in South Korea from Taiwan increased due to close relationship between two countries. The tourists from Taiwan visit South Korea not only for spending vacations, but they are also interested for experiencing social life of the country (Oh, 2012). It indicates that need for relaxation and social interaction are main push factors for the tourists from Taiwan. 2.3 Analysis on potential similarities and differences: Discussion on the push factors of tourists from different countries indicates that most of the tourists visit South Korea for spending their vacations. However the activities of these tourists are different for each tourist group. Previously the Chinese tourists visited Korea for fulfilling their professional requirements. Tourists from China preferred more to get experience of the cultural heritage of the country instead of spending on shopping and other entertainment activities. On other hand, opportunities for shopping in South Korea motivated Japanese tourists greatly to visit the country. Analysis on the recent push factors for Chinese tourists indicates that these tourist groups are spending more for shopping and entertainment than other tourist groups in Korea. Due to instability in Japanese economy, tourists from this country are reducing their expenditure on shopping while visiting Korea. However a significant number of Japanese tourists visit Korea for educational purposes. Tourism between South Korea and Taiwan is influenced by the relationship between toe countries. Need for understanding the society of Korea is one of the main push factors for tourists coming from Taiwan. However tourists from this country also spend for shopping and relaxation. 3. Analysis of key pull factors: Pesonen et al., (2011) opined that pull factors of a destination influences the perception of tourists about that place. Attributes of a destination are acts as pull factors for the place (Woo, 2009). However White and Frew, (2013) suggests that analysis of pull factors is effective to identify the potential tourists of a destination. 3.1 Pull and motivational factors: Analysis of tourists activities in South Korea indicates that natural beauty, local cuisine, cultural heritage, shopping opportunities and historical places are the main pull factors of tourists in Korea. However the availability of low cost treatment opportunities also attracts large number of medical tourists from different countries in Korea. International tourists in Korea are also attracted by ancient temples and other religious centers of the country. In case of Asian tourists availability of low cost aviation services also act as pull factors. National parks and beaches of Korea: There are 20 national parks at different places of Korea (English.knps.or.kr, 2015). These parks are rich in biodiversity. Conservation of wildlife in these parks attracts many visitors in Korea (Griffin and Raj, 2012). Presence of rare animals also increases the number of tourists in these national parks. Apart from enjoying nature, the visitors of national parks can also experience several outdoor activities including hiking, water sports and skiing. However most of these national parks provide visitors with accommodation facilities. Luxurious accommodation facilities along with outdoor activities attract tourists to the national parks of Korea. Large number of tourists visits Korea being attracted by its sea beaches. Every beach of Korea is different from another. Tourists visiting this country are provided with the opportunities of experiencing water sports in these beaches. (refer to appendix 4) Local cuisine: Korean Cuisine is another pull factor which motivates tourists for visiting the country (Oh, 2012). Visitors of Korea are provided with large variety of seasonal foods. Opportunities for getting experience of unique recipes influence the tourists to visit Korea. Famous seafood also impacts on the number of tourists in the country. Cultural heritage: The tourists who visit Korea for spending vacations are attracted by rich cultural heritage of the country. Tourism authority of Korea promotes rural tourism for providing the visitors with experiences of traditional Korean culture. Korea is also famous for several festivals. Different festivals are arranged throughout the year as a part of cultural activities in South Korea. These festivals in different seasons attract the visitors who want to spent leisure in Korea. Shopping opportunities: Analysis on the activities of tourists from top 3 source countries indicates that most of the visitors from these countries are attracted to Korea because of low cost shopping opportunities. Seoul apart from being capital of the nation is one of the main centers of shopping. The visitors in Korea get chances of busying products at low cost from both international and Korean brands. Some of the shopping centers of this country provide duty free shopping opportunities. Variety of products and experiences of low cost shopping is one of the most important motivational factors for international tourists in Korea. Historical places: Pesonen et al., (2011)stated that presence of historical places in a country increase the number of tourists who visit a destination for educational purpose. Although the ancient palaces and other historical places are visited by tourists who come to Korea for educational purposes, these places also attracts the tourists who come for relaxation. However the relation of Korea with other nations also attracts travelers for visiting historical places of the country. Availability of low cost treatment opportunities: Presence of advanced technological infrastructure attracts medical tourists in Korea (White and Frew, 2013). Tourists are also attracted by low cost treatment facilities. Most of the medical tourists in Korea visit the country for skin care treatments. The number of medical tourists requiring diabetes and other complex disease treatments is also increasing. 3.2 Tourist destinations of Korea: Places Features National parks Wild life Accommodation facilities Outdoor activities Beaches Natural beauty Water sports Bathing opportunities at Daecheon beach Seoul Ancient palaces Shopping opportunities Lotte world theme park Cultural centers (Buckchon Hanok Village,Insa-Dong) Cuisine centers Medical tourism facilities Demilitarized Zones of Korea Historical Border between North and south Korea Rich ecology of DMZ Yoelsoe Observatory Aegibong peak Slow cities of Korea Relaxation opportunities Ecotourism facilities Wetlands in Korea (Ramsar and Uponeup) Migratory birds wildlife Natural heritage destinations of UNESCO (Jeju Volcanic Island, Lava tubes, Yongcheon cave, Seongsan park, Mount Hallasan natural Researve ) Wildlife Unique Geological features Table 2: Destinations in South Korea and their features National parks of Korea: Pull factors for the national parks of Korea are wildlife, outdoor activities and accommodation facilities. National parks are considered as the most visited places by international tourists. As the tourism authority arranges for providing accommodation to the visitors, attractiveness of these parks increases significantly. Although the national parks are used for conserving wildlife, tourist get opportunities for various outdoor activities Infrastructure for skiing and other activities makes these parks more attractive to visitors. Breaches of Korea: Large number of tourists visits beaches of South Korea for enjoying natural beauty. However the facilities of water sport at Jungmun beach increase the number of tourists. Unique bathing experiences of Daecheon beach also attract the tourists. Seoul: Rich cultural heritage of Seoul is its main attraction. () suggests that the demand of is increasing for growth of tourism. () also opines that both international and domestic tourists prefer to visit theme parks. Presence of Lotte theme park increased the number of tourists in Seoul significantly. Tourists in Korea are also attracted by the unique food courts and low cost shopping streets of the city. As significant portion of tourists visit Korea for experiencing traditional culture, presence of cultural centers like Buckchon Hanok Village and Insa-Dong impacts on the number of tourists in this city. Medical tourists account for a significant portion of total international tourist groups in Korea. Hospitals of Seoul are main centers of medical tourism of the country. Facilities for medical treatments increase attract medical tourists in Seoul. Demilitarized Zones of Korea: The visitors in Demilitarized Zones of Korea are mainly attracted by the historical border between north and South Korea. Places like Yoelsoe Observatory and Aegibong peak provides the tourists with opportunities of viewing North Korea. Chances of site seeing at Demilitarized Zones attract more tourists at this place. Wetlands in Korea: The wetlands of Korea are visited by tourists as these centers provide the visitors with opportunities of viewing several migratory birds. Natural beauty of this wetland is also at the center of attraction of the visitors. Natural heritage destinations of UNESCO: UNESCO declared natural heritage destinations include tourist spots like Jeju Volcanic Island, Lava tubes, Yongcheon cave, Seongsan Park, Mount Hallasan natural Researve etc (English.visitkorea.or.kr, 2015). Jeju Volcanic Island and Mount Hallasan natural Researve are famous for their biodiversity. On other hand tourists visit the places Lava tubes and Yongcheon cave for unique geological features. 4. Assessment of the effectiveness of tourism industry: An (2013) opined that the number of visitors in a tourist spot depends on the presence of facilities at that spot. As stated by Prayag and Ryan, (2011) presence of infrastructure is important for the growth of tourism in a country. Analysis of the tourism industry in South Korea indicates that the number of tourists in the country is increasing. Most of the tourists who visit the country are attracted by the opportunities of relaxation. Analysis of the nature of tourists indicates that a significant number of tourists spend their time in shopping during their tour in South Korea. The shopping centers of this country provide the visitors with opportunities for choosing the most suitable products from large variety of products. Apart from this at some centers the shopping is completely duty free. Some shopping centers also provide the buyers with opportunities for free delivery of products at hotels and airports. Presence of accommodation facilities impacts on the returning of tourists to a place (Conrady and Buck, 2012). As the tourists in Korea are provide with advanced accommodation facilities even in wildlife reservation parks, the number of visitors increases at these places. However the growth of tourism in Korea is also influenced by presence of sports and other outdoor activities infrastructure. Presence of advanced transportation infrastructure increases the arrival of tourists in a country. As the availability of low cost airlines increased in last few years growth rate of tourism sectors in South Korea also increased significantly. 4.1 Destinations representation in promotional material: Tourism activities of South Korea are mainly promoted by the government. Government websites play an important role in the promotional activities. The images of tourist spots in Korea are presented using thus website along with descriptions. The government also uses online courses for promoting tourism (English.visitkorea.or.kr, 2015). Students who complete these courses successfully are appointed for promoting the tourism activities in Korea. 4.2 Managing of tourism in destinations: Although the number of tourists is increasing in Korea, tourism sectors of the country is facing some challenges. With the growth of tourism, the cases of theft and scams also increased significantly in past years. With the increases in number of tourists, the task of providing accommodation facilities at affordable rate to tourists is becoming difficult. The complaints regarding over pricing of products and illegal taxis also increased. Hsu and Gartner (2012) opined that lack of any standard quality assurance policies in tourism sector of South Korea is affecting the growth. Growth of tourism in South Korea is limited by inefficient marketing activities (Kyoung-Jin, 2012). 5. Conclusions: Analysis on Korean tourism indicates that the sector is experiencing high growth rate in recent year. Although the government is taking initiatives to promote tourism, problems related with theft, scam and over pricing are increasing. Increase in the number of tourists also indicates that the existing infrastructure requires being improved for retaining the growth rate of tourism sector. The analysis also reflects that the nature of tourists in Korea o is changing rapidly and new services require being included for meeting the needs of visitors. Although most of the tourists in Korea come from China, Japan and Taiwan, identification of potential source countries will increases the growth rate. References An, D. (2013). Understanding Medical Tourists in Korea: Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Medical Tourism among Patients from the USA, Russia, Japan, and China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(10), pp.1141-1169. Bigley, J., Lee, C., Chon, J. and Yoon, Y. (2010). Motivations for War-related Tourism: A Case of DMZ Visitors in Korea. Tourism Geographies, 12(3), pp.371-394. Cai, L., Gartner, W. and Munar, A. (2009). Tourism branding. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Pub. Chen, F., Liu, Y. and Hua, G. (2013). LTLGB 2012. Berlin: Springer. Conrady, R. and Buck, M. (2012). Trends and issues in global tourism 2012. Berlin: Springer. English.knps.or.kr, (2015). Korea National Park. [online] Available at: https://english.knps.or.kr/Knp/AboutNP.aspx [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. English.visitkorea.or.kr, (2015). Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: National Symbols | Official Korea Tourism Organization. [online] Available at: https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/AK/AK_EN_1_4_1.jsp [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. English.visitkorea.or.kr, (2015). Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Online Korean Classes. [online] Available at: https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_6_1_3.jsp [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. English.visitkorea.or.kr, (2015). Sights. [online] Available at: https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?recommCid=803218folderId=19917 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Griffin, K. and Raj, R. (2012). Reflecting on religious tourism and pilgrimage 2012. Arnhem: ATLAS Association for Tourism and Leisure Education. Guichard-Anguis, S. and Moon, O. (2009). Japanese tourism and travel culture. London: Routledge. Hsu, C. and Gartner, W. (2012). The Routledge handbook of tourism research. London: Routledge. Hyun, M. and Cho, B. (2014). A Study on the Improvement of Service Quality in Medical Tourism by Combining Service Blueprint and AHP. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 15(4), pp.1895-1904. Kim, S., Lee, J. and Jung, J. (2013). Assessment of Medical Tourism Development in Korea for the Achievement of Competitive Advantages. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), pp.421-445. Koehler, R. (2012). Korea. Seoul, Korea: Seoul Selection. Kto.visitkorea.or.kr, (2015). Korea, Monthly Statistics of Tourism | key facts on toursim | Tourism Statistics. [online] Available at: https://kto.visitkorea.or.kr/eng/tourismStatics/keyFacts/KoreaMonthlyStatistics.kto [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Kyoung-Jin, L. (2012). The Present Status and Problems of Korean Environment Festivals : With Special Reference to the Position and Developmental Directions of Eco-Festivals. jepa. Moon-soo, P. (2015). Effects of Chinese Tourism Surge on Korean Economy - :: KOREA FOCUS ::. [online] Koreafocus.or.kr. Available at: https://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=105561 [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. Oh, S. (2012). A Literature Review of Traditional Foods in Korean Festivals in the Joseon Dynasty. The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition, 25(1), pp.32-49. Pesonen, J., Komppula, R., Kronenberg, C. and Peters, M. (2011). Understanding the relationship between push and pull motivations in rural tourism. Tourism Review, 66(3), pp.32-49. Prayag, G. and Ryan, C. (2011). The relationship between the push and pull factors of a tourist destination: the role of nationality an analytical qualitative research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), pp.121-143. Waitt, G. (2015). Marketing Korea as an international tourist destination. [online] Available at: https://project2225.wikispaces.com/file/view/Korea.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar. 2015]. White, L. and Frew, E. (2013). Dark Tourism and Place Identity. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Woo, B. (2009). Medical Tourism and the Future of Medical Practice in Korea. Journal of the Korean Medical Association, 52(9), p.844.

Hybrid Cars free essay sample

Hybrid cars: Corrected Abstract: A hybrid car, also known as an HEV or hybrid electric vehicle, is an automobile that is powered by two sources; an internal combustion engine, and an electric motor. HEV’s need plugs, as they are amply charged by the movement of the wheels and storing the kinetic energy that is generated through a process called regenerative braking. cars have been accepted as a solution to the current pollution problems that we face, as they offer lower emissions than gasoline automobiles. Some hybrid cars produces around 90% less pollutants than regular cars. With cars with this system, a hybrid car can cross longer distances than normal ones with less use of gasoline. They can get up to 55-60 mpg in city driving, while a typical SUV might travel just 15-20 mpg. Also there are 2 types of cars: the first type is the series, and the second type is called the parallels First draft: Hybrid electric vehicle A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle which combines a conventional propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit like a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which uses batteries charged by an external source. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid Cars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page )The different propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components. Regular HEVs most commonly use an internal combustion engine (ICE) in tandem with electric motors to power their propulsion system. Modern mass-produced HEVs prolong the charge on their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking, and some HEVs can use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed. An HEVs engine is smaller and may be run at various speeds, providing more efficiency. HEVs became widely available to the public in the late 1990s. HEVs are viewed by some automakers as a core segment of the future automotive market. Technology The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type, and the mode of operation. In 2007, several automobile manufacturers announced that future vehicles will use aspects of hybrid electric technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of the hybrid drivetrain. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of the advantages of hybrid electric technology are gained while additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles. The 2000s saw development of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid and do not require conventional fuel for short trips. Engines and fuel sources: Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs, and will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE-powered vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to about 15% bioethanol. Manufacturers may move to flexible fuel engines, which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans are in place at present. Diesel Diesel-electric HEVs use a diesel engine for power generation. Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engines high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels (biodiesel), so they can use but do not need petroleum at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and petroleum are more common, and petroleum may be needed for lubrication). If diesel-electric HEVs were in use, this benefit would likely also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial vehicles (particularly buses); as of 2007, no light duty diesel-electric hybrid passenger cars are currently available, although prototypes exist. So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly just appeared in mass transit buses. Design considerations In some cases, manufacturers are producing HEVs that use the added energy provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost, rather than significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional counterparts. The trade-off between added performance and improved fuel efficiency is partly controlled by the software within the hybrid system and partly the result of the engine, battery and motor size. In the future, manufacturers may provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this balance (fuel efficiency vs. added performance) as they wish, through a user-controlled setting. Electric vehicle conversion One can buy a stock hybrid or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric vehicle using an aftermarket hybrid kit . Benefits of the hybrid electric design include: Fuel consumption Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption (compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles) primarily by using three mechanisms: a) Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE off; b) Recapturing waste energy. c) Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE. Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and cost profiles. The ICE in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient than the one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand. The drive system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and power, but an ICE has its highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation, making conventional vehicles inefficient. In contrast, in most HEV designs, the ICE operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more of the time. The power curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can provide substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with internal-combustion engines. The greater fuel economy of HEVs has implication for reduced petroleum consumption and vehicle air pollution emissions worldwide. Reduced wear on the gasoline engine, particularly from idling with no load. Reduced wear on brakes from the regenerative braking system use. Theres no definitive word on replacement costs of the batteries because they are almost never replaced. Environmental impact Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction,in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone). Hybrid Cars free essay sample The government needs to continue to offer incentives to new buyers of hybrid vehicles to offset the higher cost of these vehicles relative to their non-hybrid counterparts. Hybrid cars and other eco-friendly products are vital to the survival of the earth and the United States and the rest of the world must continue to regulate the emissions without hurting the economy. Demand for the Hybrid Vehicles Demand for the hybrid vehicles in the United States has increased since the introduction in the U. S. market in 2000. The first hybrid car was introduced in Japan in 1997 by Toyota Prius. Three years later, Honda introduced the first hybrid car Honda Insight into the U. S. market. By 2008, other car manufactures entered the hybrid market including Ford, GM, Honda and Nissan. Today, they are four main types of electric cars available on the market which include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicle and battery electric vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on Hybrid Cars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Demand for Toyota’s Prius hybrid car increased over the last few years and by supply and demand, Toyota responded by raising the price and increase production. In 2003 and 2004 Toyota made100,000 Prius and in 2007 they made 200,000 hybrid cars. In 2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in hybrid is the third fastest-selling car in U. S. Toyota was successful because of strong branding and unique design of Prius. The hybrid vehicles are solution to energy security and environmental protection. These vehicles reduce CO2 emission and air pollution. They combine power from both gasoline engine and an electric motor that runs off the electricity from a rechargeable battery. 1 Hybrid cars produce less pollution because the combination of battery power and internal combustion decrease the emission of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases. Electric motors use no energy during idle and use less than gas motors at low speeds. Hybrid cars have a regenerative braking, stop- start system, low-rolling re sistance tires and power conservative hardware. 1 All these features allow the hybrid cars to recycle energy. Energy produced by hybrid is recycled from brakes and used in acceleration. Hybrid car can save money on gas especially in city driving because stop and go driving helps hybrids recharge by capturing the energy generated during braking. Hybrid cars are in high demand but they are not easy to find and some car dealerships struggle to meet demand. Recent earthquake in Japan made it even more difficult for hybrid cars supplies because the best-selling hybrid cars in the United States Toyota Prius is made exclusively in Japan. Table 1 shows the number of Hybrid Models offered and the sales history from 2000 to 2007. 1 Table 1 HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLES YearNo. of Hybrid Models Offered HybridNew Vehicle Sales Sales in Million 200029,36717. 41 2001220,28717. 18 2002335,96116. 85 2003347,52516. 68 2004483,15316. 91 20058209,71117. 00 200610251,86416. 56 200715345,92016. 09 Environmental Effects The need to develop green technologies comes from the fact that the global climate is changing due to everyday large amounts of pollutants that are released into atmosphere which leads to global warming. Global warming is a serious problem that can cause major issues such as the melting of polar ice caps and a rise in sea level. Every car produces emissions while being made and while driving on the road. There are many governments regulations placed on industries to reduce the amount of emissions released into atmosphere. Once the hybrid cars become more popular and affordable among consumers they can help reduce automobile emission. When people buy cars they take into consideration many things. They look into price, performance, safety and expenditure on gasoline which is determined by the vehicle’s fuel efficiency. Hybrid cars are expected to reduce the cost of fuel by recharging batteries from electrical outlets. Many buyers today are also interested into saving our planet and there is a growing demand to buy hybrid vehicles. Hybrid cars offer many green advantages. In large cities were pollution is high, they produce very little emission during low speed city driving. Hybrid cars can help the country reduce dependency on foreign crude oil and save money in the long term. United States imports almost half of the oil and gas from Middle East. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) sets the price depending how much they have at its disposal. Many countries don’t have choice but to pay the price set by OPEC, regardless of supply and demand factors. If consumers purchase more hybrid cars, the dependency on foreign oil will decline and energy prices will drop. In 2012, US motor gasoline consumption was 8. 5 million barrels per day. If the consumption of gasoline continues at the rate it has during the last few decades, oil reserves will not meet demand in future. Countries will need to look for new wells across the world and this can lead to damages of our ecosystem. By using hybrid cars, oil consumption is reduced and there will be no need to start a search for new oil wells. The environmental benefits of hybrid cars also inclu de increased health for people . Use of oil products releases more pollution into the air that can cause cancers and lung diseases. Government Support The U. S. overnment has been providing hybrid vehicles buyers with income tax incentives to offset the higher cost of hybrid vehicles relative to their non-hybrid counterparts. 2 The hybrid vehicles is considered a promising technology by the National Energy Policy Development Group (2001), and their recommendation was to increase demand of hybrid vehicles in order to achieve economies of scale to bring the cost of hybrid vehicles down. 2 This group also recommended that government should provide a â€Å"clean fuel† tax deduction up to $2000 for the purchase of new hybrid cars during 2001-2005. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 replaced the income tax deduction with an income tax credit of up to $ 3,400 for vehicles purchased after December 31, 2005. The credits phased out after a manufacturer sold 60,000 of a hybrid model starting from January 1, 2006. As the Dec. 31, 2010, end for all credits neared, only a few hybrids still qualified for the credits. 2 In 2012 there are still some tax incentives for new plug-in hybrid cars purchases for up to $7500 in tax deduction for qualified buyers. Hybrid Federal Tax Credit 2009 12009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4dr SUV (6. L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 22009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 4dr SUV 4WD (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$1,800 32008 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 4dr Sedan (2. 4L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$1,300 42009 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 4dr Sedan (2. 4L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$1,550 52009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab w/1HY SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 62009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybr id 4dr Crew Cab 4WD w/1HY SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 72009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab w/2HY SB (6. L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 82009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab 4WD w/2HY SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 92008 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 4dr SUV (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 102008 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 4dr SUV 4WD (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 112009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 4dr SUV (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 122009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 4dr SUV 4WD (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 132009 Chrysler Aspen Limited HEV 4dr SUV 4WD (5. 7L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 142009 Dodge Durango Limited HEV 4dr SUV 4WD (5. L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 152008 Ford Escape Hybrid 4dr SUV (2. 3L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$1,500 162008 Ford Escape Hybrid 4dr SUV AWD (2. 3L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$1,100 172009 Ford Escape Hybrid 4dr SUV (2. 5L 4cyl gas/electric h ybrid CVT)$1,500 182009 Ford Escape Hybrid 4dr SUV AWD (2. 5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$975 192009 Ford Escape Hybrid Limited 4dr SUV (2. 5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$1,500 202009 Ford Escape Hybrid Limited 4dr SUV AWD (2. 5L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$975 212010 Ford Fusion Hybrid 4dr Sedan (2. L 4cyl gas/electric hybrid CVT)$1,700 222009 GMC Sierra 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab w/3HA SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 232009 GMC Sierra 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab 4WD w/3HA SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 242009 GMC Sierra 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab w/3HB SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 252009 GMC Sierra 1500 Hybrid 4dr Crew Cab 4WD w/3HB SB (6. 0L 8cyl gas/electric hybrid 4A)$2,200 Hudson 2010 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars A list of advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles include: Advantages †¢Reduce emission Lessen dependence on foreign oil †¢Tax incentives to purchase hybrid cars †¢Environmentally friend ly †¢Performance benefits: hybrid cars provide quite, smooth operations and stronger acceleration. †¢Reduce energy dependence from foreign sources Disadvantages †¢Battery cost: The battery of hybrid cars is very expensive and it has to be replaced every 80,000miles. The average cost to replace this battery is between $ 6,000 and $10,000. People who travel a lot will not benefit from driving the hybrid car. †¢Recharge time: Fully recharging the battery pack can take four to eight hours. Bulk and weight: Battery packs are heavy and take up considerable vehicle space. †¢Slow acceleration: Hybrid cars have much slower acceleration times than a traditional cars that only use gasoline. †¢Low resale value: Hybrid cars have low resale value because of the costly batteries used in the hybrid cars that have to be replaced regularly. †¢Short supply: Because these cars are expensive their supply parts are available in different parts of the country. Present an d Future for Hybrid Cars The future looks bright for hybrid cars because price of oil will probably continue to rise and the mpact that fossil fuels have on the earth’s environment. Incentives, such as tax credits for purchasing a hybrid cars and grants for researching new battery technologies, will continue to improve their performance and make hybrid cars more attractive and competitive. The most recent hybrid technology is â€Å"plug-in hybrid car. This hybrid model offers the same benefit as hybrid cars, with added benefit of being able to be plugged in to home electric outlets for recharging when the car is not in use. 5 The competition in hybrid car industry is very challenging. The automobile industry is n oligopoly. There are only few big key players that are concerned about new entrants, the risk of substitutes emerging through new technology (Hybrid cars), changes in consumer taste and external regulations. Toyota successfully created a barrier for other car manufa cturer by introducing hybrid engine green technology. Toyota has dominated the market for years with its hybrid Prius and to remain competitive they will have to design new vehicles at low-cost using the most advanced technology. Every year, the Prius faces more competition as other car manufacturers are building heir own version of hybrid vehicles. Ford recently produced the C-Max hybrid car which outsold the Prius in January 2013. C-Max hybrid car is larger and family-friendly version of the Prius. 6 Ford executive are predicting that its 2013 hybrid sales total will be much higher that their current annual high to $35,496. 6 Nissan is also aggressively pushing hybrid sales in 2013. Hybrid cars are more expensive as compared to traditional gasoline vehicles and require frequent recharging for their operations but in future these issues will hopefully change. References 1. Beresteanu, A. nd S. Li. 2010. â€Å"Gasoline Prices, Government Support, and the Demand for Hybrid Vehicles in the U. S. † International Economic Review 52: 161-182 2. Hudson, Mike. Federal Hybrid Tax Credit Programs by Vehicle. Retrieved 19 Oct. 2009 3. Toyota. com 4. Advantages of Hybrid Cars. All Hybrid Cars. 12 Apr. 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. 5. Benefits of Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles. AFDC. U. S. Department of Energy, Oct. 2011. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. 6. business. time. com/2013/02/05/hybrid-car-competition-heats-up-does-the-toyota-prius-finally-have-a-worthy-challenger/

USA Presidents essays

USA Presidents essays In the long history of the United States of America, there have been several amounted president in charge of our great nation. 43 Presidents to be exact. Each a very likely and very different individual, but all interesting. Weve had from the most interesting, controversial and bold to the most boring and disgusting figures out there. Some can be described in elaborate essays and books meanwhile others can be justified in one term, but none the less all were interesting figures and led important roles in running our country. Therefore they should be accredited for the success of our great nation. Some produced great and admiral things that we still thrive on today, and other simply left things to fix and learn from their successors. Out of all 43 Presidents I had to choose but two. One for the worse and the other for the best of all time. The best president in my opinion was George Washington our very first president. Washington was born February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was unanimously elected the first president, Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789. He labored constantly to keep people of all classes at work for the cause. He held a central position between two extremes. He strove to retain the support of the common people, who made up the army andas farmers and workersproduced the supplies. Before his presidency he was a general who led his diminished troops to several unlikely victories over the British. His commanding tactics led to the victory and success of the revolution and the strive for independence. Realizing from his knowledge of the American people and of the way they lived and fought, Washington took advantage of British methods of fighting that were not suited to a semi primitive environment. He alternated between daring surprise attacks and the patient performance of routine duties. As commander in chief during the American Re ...

Introduction To Human Resource Management Essay

Introduction To Human Resource Management - Essay Example The world of work and organization has become increasingly demanding and turbulent. There are eight major challenges currently facing United Kingdom organizations. These are: globalization, migration of many companies to other economies, increasing revenue and decreasing costs, building organizational capability, change and transformation, implementing technology, attracting and developing human capital, and ensuring fundamental and long-lasting change. Thus, levels of competition among organizations have increased. In present period of the migration of many companies to other economies, the UK organizations can replicate technology, manufacturing processes, products, and strategy. On the other hand, personnel management practices and organization are difficult to reproduce, in this manner representing an exceptional competitive advantage. To be successful in the future, UK organizations will have to build organizational capability. Personnel management professionals and personnel ma nagement practices will be required to create value by increasing organizational competitiveness. Traditional views on competitive advantage have emphasized such barriers to entry a... More recent views have highlighted a different source of competitive advantage, a firm's human resources and behavior of employees at different levels of the corporate hierarchy. New demands facing UK organizations as a result of the migration of many companies to other economies, heightened competition, globalization, and technological advances have put a premium on creativity and innovation, speed and flexibility, as well as efficiency. The critical firm assets do not appear on a balance sheet but reside, instead, in behaviors of employees working at different levels of the corporate hierarchy and management systems. The role of company strategy, human resources, and personnel management in company performance is being rethought. Rather than seeing the personnel management function as a cost, a personnel management system that supports a company's strategy should be seen, instead, as an investment, a strategic lever for the organization in creating value. The 2000s witnessed a growth in research interest in examining the link between personnel management strategies and practices and UK companies' financial performances. In the past research studies have shown a strong positive relationship between the two, and this relationship has been observed in studies of one company, one industry, and multiple industries (Brown et al., 2003). Brown et al., (2003) have shown in three separate national surveys (over 2,400 companies) an economically and significant impact on several measures of company performance. They observed a link between changes in the sophistication of a company's personnel management architecture and dollar change in market value per employee, suggesting three stages of personnel management practices on company performance. How do UK organizations

Executive paper - Critical analysis of reported category one and Coursework

Executive paper - Critical analysis of reported category one and category two incident data - Coursework Example Moreover, certain recommendations will also be made regarding how the loopholes within this service can be identified and improvised accordingly. E. W. Tipping Foundation is primarily a non-profit organisation mostly operational in the area of Victoria, Australia. The foundation aims towards fostering the concepts of social justice and human rights through its community development programmes and services. The foundation started its functions in terms of providing aid to the disabled individuals and till date has steadily prevailed towards broadening its structure in terms of providing support towards family services. By taking into consideration the development trend, this report will mostly focus towards critically analysing the incident data that has been provided in the category 1 and category 2 lists (NSW Government, n.d.). This critical incident analysis paper also aims to understand the present trends within this non-profit organisation’s services and makes appropriate recommendations regarding how the quality of the services can be improvised. Correspondingly, the graphical representations of the provided data have also been incorporated. The data regarding the number of incident cases and the client count of the three quarters has been provided and has also been critically described using the graphical representations. The entire critical analysis has been segregated into two specific categories. The first category is regarding the ‘Out of Home Care (OOHC)’ and the second one is the ‘disability cases’. The number of clients in the case of OOHC has been measured to be 38 and the total number of clients that has been determined under the disability case is 796 (E. W. Tipping Foundationa, 2013). In accordance with the provided reports, the total number of incident cases belonging to category 1 for the month duration from 1st July 2013 to 30th September 2013 has been recorded as 32. Out of this recorded incident count, a total of 16 cases

Private International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Private International Law - Essay Example In the resolution of cases of conflicts of law, problems arise when the different nationals have different rights and claims under their own laws, and at times the law of the place and the law agreed upon in a contract add a third or fourth consideration as to which set of laws shall apply in settling the case. There are three important determinations to be made prior to even beginning to address the substance of the case. The first is that of jurisdiction, and the second is the choice of law, and third is the matter of enforcement of the judgment. In this essay, only the first two shall be considered. Jurisdiction refers to the power to legislate or adjudicate with effect. It is the first question to be decided in a dispute involving a foreign element.1 Proceeding to hear a case without the proper jurisdiction is fatal to the case under that tribunal, and can only be remedied by a change of venue. The second important consideration is that of the choice of law. Once the English cour t has accepted and affirmed jurisdiction, it has then to determine what system of law must be applied to the dispute, pursuant to which the rights and liabilities of the parties shall be determined.2 There are two contexts of jurisdiction – territorial jurisdiction, and power jurisdiction.3 The first, territorial jurisdiction, pertains to the determination of which persons are within the reach of the courts of England, as claimed by English law. Contrary to the term’s implied meaning, this jurisdiction may extend beyond the physical boundaries of England and Wales (where this law is applicable), where English nationals over which the English legal system claims jurisdiction may sojourn outside the geographical territory of England and Wales. The second context in which jurisdiction may be taken refers to the power jurisdiction, that is, the situations and circumstances where the English courts may actually gain power to adjudicate a particular case involving persons wh o are within the territorial jurisdiction of the court.4 In order for an English court to gain competence over a case, said court should gain both territorial and power jurisdiction over the case. In private international law, the characterisation of issues subject of claim is the prerogative of the court of the forum.5 The case of Brian First claim: The consignment of biscuits from Bleagh Spa The claim of right in this case is one that arises out of contract. A contract of sale for Italian biscuits was drawn between Brian and Italian food supplier Bleagh Spa for the delivery of biscuits specified to be Italian. Instead, Bleagh had delivered Liechtenstein biscuits, which were unsuitable for the purpose for which they were bought, as such products should be sold in an Italian restaurant as Italian fare. This constituted a breach of the terms of the contract which specified the goods to be Italian. As such, Brian had a claim of right against Bleagh, one that constitutes a dispute of t he fulfilment of a contract that is of a commercial nature. . Jurisdiction As to the domicile of the parties, it is specified that Brian is domiciled in the U.K., being a British national and living within the U.K. as permanent resident. Bleagh Spa, on the other hand, is an Italian business organisation, and in the absence of other information, is presumed to be domiciled in Italy. The conflict of laws problem therefore arises between the

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Management is the group of people who make decisions on how the business can be run and profitable in all dimensions of the organizations or company according to Gold (2010). In fact, these individuals who are involved in the decision making of the organization and are called the management are responsible and accountable before the strategic leadership in the organization. The second definition that can be given about the management is the initiative and maintenance of an investment portfolio in the business organization in all the ways to success achievements according to Harrison (2002). This is the management in which the organization deals with dealing of matters in different sectors for improving the productivity and profitability in every area of the business of the organization. LEADERSHIP: Johnson (1992) opines leadership is quality or art of influencing others or motivating a group of people to the task in order to achieve the goals in the business organizations. Leader is the one who holds the qualities of the leadership and is also the person who inspires others and directs them to do something extraordinary for common goals. People not only follow the leader but they also do that willingly and happily. True leader takes his/her people with and step forward with the great morale and team spirit. LINK BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT: Bill Gates is the leader and pioneer of Microsoft Inc, but he is not a manager. This statement shows the position of the leader and the manager. The manager must have the leadership skills but on the contrary for the leader it is not compulsory to have the managerial skills as these skills are important for the leader but the vision is the goal of the leader but the manager works for targets and tasks for the specific time period and for the certain period of time. Leadership and management both are important in the organizations or even in the industries. Leaders are welded to the performance and it is also the duty of the leaders to increase the productivity in different sectors of the organization. Management with good leadership qualities and the leadership with managerial competencies is the demand of the organizations around the globe. Task 1.2 Analyse the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions. IMPACTS OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP STYLES ON DECISIONS: Dynamic leadership always does its best to influence the environment and the environment is the situation in which the decisions are to be taken as the needs arise in the organizations. There are different styles of management and leadership in the business world. PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP STYLE: Kouzes (2008) states that the participative leadership and management style are open and flexible manner of management where employees have the prominent decision making role in the organization and the participation of the employees is considered as the asset of the organization. So this is very important factor in decision making of the organizational setup. This style is very much appreciated in progressing and growing organizations. Employees feel responsible and honoured by the leadership which boosts the morale of them in order to complete the tasks of the organization. This leadership style helps in the organization in decision making and when this style is applied, the team work and dignity of the employees come forth and they become more and more productive. PERSUASIVE LEADERSHIIP AND MANAGEMENT STYLE: Megginson (2003) opines the Persuasive leadership style is all about the quality of the leader in which the leader convinces people around him/her in all the effective ways to achieve the goals of the organization. This style is not possible if the leader fails to convince other people. Persuasion is the essential proficiency for all the leaders as they take people to the level where they can perform their best and be more and more productive in the organization. The ideas and approaches of the leader must appeal the people around the leader for the common goals and objectives in the organization. This style can develop the unity in the organization and the employees and if the decision is take by the agreement of the employees then it increases the accountability in the employees in the organizations. Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE LEADERSHIP STYLES IN DIFFERNT SITUATIONS: Both of the styles stated above are the need of any progressing and developing organization around the globe. Which one is suitable for the organization, depends on the situation from which the organization is passing through. Most of the bureaucratic organizations being the strict in the rules and regulations make the employees feeling bored and the work becomes just and obligation and burden for them to hold. People lose their creativeness and become like the robot and just commitment becomes a burden for them. These situations give birth to the less productiveness and profit as well. If in this situation the leadership decides to give the chance of participation and cooperation and promote team spirit then the employees come to know that they are not just the machines but the human beings and everyone is unique and precious in the way he or she is. Everyone in the world has some hidden qualities and the only thing is to give that particular one chance to show what that person has what should be considered while taking the decisions of the different department of the organization. As this is simple and effective so the organizations must follow these styles. Now the persuasive is the manner in which the employees might come to know that they are special because the leadership will persuade the employees or staff with the highly professional and reasonable way. So the persuasive and participative both the styles go together in the organizations have the situation in which people feel being bored. 2.1 Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy in your chosen organisation. MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Leadership skills are the essentials for the leadership in any business organization. If the organizations promote the leadership development methods then the success is obvious and there is no way that the situations may come in the pace of success. There are different leadership theories by which the effectiveness and need of the leadership become more and more essential. The few of the theories are given below to clear the picture of leadership in organizations. SITUATIONAL THEORY: This theory states that leaders everywhere behave in the certain way of their leadership which depends upon the situation of the time and the scenario of the company. Moon (2000) opines there can be different situations in which there might be possible leadership behaviour but these behaviours also depend on the situation of that specific time period. In the organizations, this theory is very popular and effective because it goes with the flow and need of that particular time and the best decision is the decision that is done according to the time and demand of the organizations. CONTINGENCY THEORY: This theory has very close resemblance with the first theory (Situational Theory) and this theory is all about the alternatives and options in order to deal with the problems that come in the way of the success in any dimension of the organization. Mumford and Gold (2004) state leadership must have answer to every question arises in the growth and this is only feasible and possible when the contingency theory is applied in the organizations. Tesco Plc has high rate of such a dynamic leadership which always have alternatives and options as well as the answers to the questions that come in the situation of the danger or need of the organization. PARTICIPATIVE THEORY: Treasy (1998) opines the participative leadership and management style are the open and approachable manner of supervision of the organization and the monitoring with the passion and comforts is really seen in this leadership theory. Everyone in the organization feels pride and honoured to be involved and get their precious opinions be answered in the company really appreciates them. So this theory is very important when the employees feel burden while working in the organization. Tesco plc is promoting this theory in every departments and gives right to all of its employees to take part in new strategies and planning as everyone has got the right to comment and give suggestions and drop their precious opinions in writing form and the suggestion boxes everywhere in the stores. TASK 2.2: CREATE A LEADERSHIP STRATEGY THAT SUPPORTS ORGANIZAITONAL DIRECTION: INNOVATIONS IN THE ORGANIZATION: There are different strategies that give the direction to the organizations. One of them is the INNOVATION that is very effective and the most important factor of the organization. Every organization has to develop the creativeness that develops the innovation. This strategy is the unique and potential strength of the organization. Gold (2010) opines the process in which an idea of any individual is translated into a good or service for what people would love to pay and give attention. Companies or organizations have special people who are supposed to do create and bring new ideas in the form of innovation and these creative and innovative leaders are the real assets of any developing organizations. HUMAN RESOURCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: Human resource is one of the most effective departments in the organizations that direct the organization in the way of growth and development. There are different human resource activities that are performed by this department in the organizations. Human Resource Management deals with different issues in the companies, some of them are the most important because of their need and necessity in the organizations. Human resource is the vast department that organizes the major issues in the organizations. The first activity of the human resource is the Recruitment and Selection in the companies. Harrison (2002) opines that the in the recruitment the duty of the HRM is in various sectors. Firstly, it publishes or advertises the need of the organization or the companies as the vacancy comes in them. This is also the duty of the HRM to contact with the recruitment agencies for the better selection of the candidates in the companies. After the ads the term comes when the candidates come to the recruitment section and the interviews take place, if somebody passes the interview then it is the chance for that candidate to go further and get the training to join the organization for the post he has applied or for the post the admin believes that the person can perform well according to the capability of the candidate. This is the very important aspect of the companies. If the right people are not coming in the companies then it will be impossible to have more and more innovative ideas in the companies. From the very first stage to the ending stage the HR plays the significant role in bringing the right people in the companies. The second activity the HRM is the Performance Management which is simply the encouragement of the employees. Johnson (1992) states the performance management is the criteria to check the performance of the employees and then to bring the unity and uplift the morale, there should be the regular behaviour of the appraisals and the rewards by the companies. The companies do their best to have such an opportunity to arrange the reward system in the organizations. This is very important that the companies can only help the employees if they are the showing their excellent performance in their duties and their responsibilities. Performance of the employees decides who the next for the reward and the encouragement is. Performance management is the main factor in the organizations in the term of reward system of the employees. In the Tesco Plc, both of these strategies are implemented in order to direct the organization on the way of success and development in all the stores and branches around the globe. TASK 3.1: USE APPROPRIATE METHODS TO REVIEW CURRENT LEADERSHIP REQUIREMENTS: GLOBALIZATION: Moon (2000) states Globalization is the system of the interaction among different countries of the world and the purpose of this interaction is to develop the global economy. This unique economy building system refers to the integration of economists and societies around the globe. This also covers the technological, economic, cultural and political exchanges in the organizations and the communications, infrastructure and transportation is also the fruit of this globalization. There are two types of integration. The first one is called Positive and the second is the Negative integration. The positive integration is used to aim at standardizing international economic laws and policies. In this the countries have their own policies on their tariffs. In the negative integration, Mullins (2010) states negative integration is the breaking down of trade barriers of protective barriers or protective barriers such as tariffs and quotes. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION: Different economists gave their different opinions about the effects of the globalization. There are different changes that can be identified through the globalization. The first effect is the improvement of the international trade. There are more and more countries in demand of the products. Second effect is the technological progress which is because of the demands from the customers throughout the world. Third one states the increasing influence of multinational companies, the companies that have their own subsidiaries in various countries is called the multinational. This is the third effect of the globalization in the business world. Then the fourth one is power of the WTO, IMF and WB. Globalization has these prominent effects everywhere in the world. INTEGRITY LEADERSHIP: Treasy (1998) states the integrity leadership is the best tool of getting the trust of the employees and involve them from their heart and prove themselves as the role model for all the employees around them. This is very important in the organizations to have integrity among the staff so that the environment remain calm and beautiful full if dignity and commitment. Both of these methods of the requirements of the leadership in the organizational positions and every progressing organization needs to prove that they are rich in terms of their globalization and integrity in all dimensions. TASK 4.1: PLAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR A SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT: ON THE JOB TRAINING: The firs development method is ON-THE-JOB TRAINING which is one of the effective development methods in the companies. Mumford and Gold (2004) state that the process of the on the job training is to arrange and the purpose is to enhance the abilities of the employees in the corporate settings of the organizations. The environment in the organization is suitable for the employees and as well as for the leaders to teach and for the employees to learn and understand the guidelines given by the authorities. There are the reasons that make the on the job training important. In this the leaders demonstrate the presentations which encourage the trainees to get the idea and after that there is the element of the coaching in which the relationship becomes strong and the trainees learn in a beautiful way. In the trainings, the employees can even get the understanding to get the appropriate knowledge about the other departments in the companies. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP: The second development method is the Organizational Learning which is learning method in the organization which is highly appreciated and required. Mullins (2010) states that the organizations that influence the employees on the regular bases with the knowledge and information. Organizations that promote the practice of the learning are the learning organizations and these learning organizations are run by the HRM because the humans are the main assets in the HRM. So the department does its best to empower the employees with the skills and knowledge. TASK 4.2: REPORT ON THE USEFULNESS OF METHODS USED TO PLAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS: DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP VERSUS RECRUITING: Planning and Development methods are explained in the above paragraph. Mullins (2004) opines that the advertisements help the readers to know the vacancy in the companies and the leadership in the organizations also receives the right selection of the employees. This is the first planning method in the recruiting and the effectiveness can be measured with the results or the achievements done by the companies after the exact staffing in any organization. The next is the online recruiting process in the companies. Megginson (2003) states there are the recruitments which are undertaken with the help of the online recruiting processes. These kinds of recruitments are called the external type of the recruitments. But the other type of the recruitment is the internal and the internal recruitment is the exchanging and the promotions and then the filling of the vacant places in the companies. The effectiveness of the recruitment and selection is monitored and done by the HRM and the results can be seen in the form of the dynamic leaders that are brought every year in the companies by the leadership planning methods. In the development of the leadership there are two methods. The first one is the on the job training and this method is very impressive and authentic in the companies. If the trainings are given on the job then the employees can learn better and be the best part of the organization. The second one is the organizational learning. There must be the organizations which encourage the idea to make the flexible environment for the employees to get the valuable information and then become the dynamic leaders of the companies. Both of these methods are very important and effective in every situation of the organizational learning processes. TEXT BOOKS REFERENCES: Gold, G. (2010). Leadership and management Development. London. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Harrison, R. (2002). Learning and Development, London. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Johnson, K, B. (1992). Business Bureaucracy, How to Conquer your Organizations worst enemy, London. The McGraw Hill Companies. Kouzes, J. (2008). The Leadership Challenge. 4th Edition. London. Jossey-Bass. Megginson, D. (2003). Continuing Professional Development, London. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Moon, J. (2000). Reflection in Learning and Professional Development, Theory and Practice, Manchester. Routledge Falmer. Mullins, L. (2010). Management and Organizational Behavior. 9th Edition. London. Prentice hall. Mumford, A. and Gold, J. (2004). Management Development. London. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Treasy, D. (1998). Successful Time Management in a week. Hodder. Stoughton.