Analysis of Jean Watson's Transpersonal Caring Theory Essay

Analysis of Jean Watson's Transpersonal Caring Theory - Essay Example An in-depth analysis of the Jean Watson’s theory suggests that it promotes the worldview of pragmatism rather than realism. This can be estimated from the fact that realists consider reality independent of human mind. To realists, reality is what happens in the world of physics. Realism is more about technicality and science than spirituality or sociology. On the other hand, pragmatism is more concerned with the sociological side of the picture. Pragmatism promotes the belief that humans can make a difference by manipulating things in the right manner. To pragmatists, reality is what is experienced. Reality changes as experiences change. Thus, we can improve our experiences by applying theory into practice. Pragmatism essentially links theory to practice and this is indeed, the crux of Jean Watson’s theory. According to Watson, nursing is â€Å"a human science of persons and human health—illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific , esthetic, and ethical human care transactions† Nurses can use Jean Watson’s theory as a guide to learn what kind of interpersonal skills are fundamental to the building up of their rapport with the patients. In order to inculcate the theoretical principles into their practice, nurses need to identify the elements Watson has stressed upon. There are three primary elements of the Jean Watson’s theory, which include the carative factors, the occasion of caring, and the transpersonal caring relationship (Cara, n.d.). ... To pragmatists, reality is what is experienced. Reality changes as experiences change. Thus, we can improve our experiences by applying theory into practice. Pragmatism essentially links theory to practice and this is indeed, the crux of Jean Watson’s theory. According to Watson, nursing is â€Å"a human science of persons and human health—illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions† (Watson, 1988, p. 54). Thus, Jean Watson’s theory is based upon the worldview of pragmatism. How can nurses use Jean Watson’s Theory to further nursing knowledge in practice? Nurses can use Jean Watson’s theory as a guide to learn what kind of interpersonal skills are fundamental to the building up of their rapport with the patients. In order to inculcate the theoretical principles into their practice, nurses need to identify the elements Watson has stressed upon. There are three prima ry elements of the Jean Watson’s theory, which include the carative factors, the occasion of caring, and the transpersonal caring relationship (Cara, n.d.). Watson has discussed carative factors in order to distinguish them from the conventional curative factors. Watson believes that the curative factors are meant to â€Å"honor the human dimensions of nursing’s work and the inner life world and subjective experiences of the people we serve† (Watson, 1997, p. 50). Nursing occasion is any occasion in which a nurse encounters a patient with a need of human caring. The transpersonal caring relationship is a human care relationship which is influenced by a nurse’s commitment towards her job and her moral understanding of the nursing practice. In order to integrate the nursing knowledge into the nursing practice,

Different Styles of Imitation Essay Example for Free

Different Styles of Imitation Essay In The Transmission of Knowledge by Juan Luis Vives, Vives describes his idea of proper imitation. His basic theory is that people are not innately born with skills of art or rhetoric and therefore, these skills are obtained through the imitation of other skilled artists or rhetoricians. This idea is parallel to those of Petrarch and Alberti. Petrarch and Vives both say that proper imitation should be analogous to the way a son resembles his father. Vives says A son is said to be like his father, not so much in that he recalls his features, his face and form, but because shows to us his fathers manners, his disposition, his talk, his gait, his movements, and as it were his very life, which issues forth in his actions as he goes abroad, from the inner seat of the spirit, and shows his real self to us. (190) Petrarch says, similarly, As soon as we see the son, he recalls the father to us, although if we should measure every feature we should find them all different.(199) The father to son resemblance is the basis of imitation to both these authors. They both believe that a good writer should use imitation in a way where what they imitate resembles the original, but does it not duplicate it. For Petrarch and Vives, this can be achieved by properly integrating reading with writing. They both believe that by reading something and being able to digest it thoroughly, one can transport the overall idea and feeling of what he read onto his own writing. This creates a deep imitation, rather than copying what a writer says in different words. Both authors use the father to son metaphor to show that imitation should be meaningful and evocative. Petrarch supplements this idea by claiming that reading should be an alterative to experience. As one would in a sense experience the father through the son, one should similarly be able to experience the author a writer imitates. To illustrate this he referrers to wandering and transport throughout his works. Specifically, Petrarch interchanges writing with experience when he describes climbing Mont Ventroux. He says But nature is not overcome by a mans devices; a corporeal thing cannot reach the heights by descending and, further, there I leaped in my winged thought from things corporeal to what is incorporeal and addressed myself in words like these (39) The physical and spiritual are linked so closely together that they transport and overlap one another. According to Petrarch, characteristics like this are traits of a good imitator. Vives also relates to the kind of imitation which interchanges the bodily action with spiritual. He describes an oration, which links actions with rhetoric. He says But these modern imitators regard not so much the mind of the orator in his expression, as the outward appearance of his words and the external for of his style. (191) Both writers believe that by interchanging techne which psyche, one can properly imitate and transcend a deeper significance of what the writer is imitating. Although Petrarch and Vives share similar ideas, they also hold a contradictory belief: Petrarch only imitates Cicero, while Vives believes that one should imitate several models to create a single work. Although Vives clearly states that Cicero is the best model for writing in the conversational style: Caesar and Epistles of Cicero will come into the first rank of conversational style, (192) he also states that one should comprise writing by mimicking several writers: The more models we have and the less likeness there is between them, the greater is the progress of eloquence. (190) Foremost, Petrarch is not writing in the conversational style, instead he using the plain style. Therefore, he should mimic another writer from the list Vives has specified. Also, Petrarch is only interested in imitating one writer, Cicero. He defends the Ciceronian tradition by writing only in Ciceros style. For this reason, Petrarch does not read other writers, like Dante, because he is afraid that he will become the product of what he reads, ideas and style. Instead he immerses himself in Ciceros style by reading his work in such depth that he essentially writes in Ciceros style without knowing he is doing so. Vives respects Ciceros work, but he does not believe that Cicero is the best writer. Other than Vives belief that Petrarch should have imitated several conversationalists, Vives also states that imitation of Ciceros work is useful and safe, but not of his style; for if anyone cannot achieve success in the attempt he will degenerate into redundant, nerveless, vulgar and plebeian kind of writer. (191) Therefore, the difference between Vives and Petrarch is that Vives believes that one should imitate several writers and that Cicero is not the best writer. Further, he offers a list of writers which should be imitated when trying to achieve a certain style. Petrarch, on the other hand, writes in Ciceros style and believes that Cicero should be imitated while engaging in every kind of writing. Alberti was an author who was more like Vives in this sense. He also believed that one should embrace all the things which would make something beautiful into one. For example, he says that all arts are linked to painting somehow, and that all arts take from incorporate the skills associated with painting into their works: The architect, if I am not mistaken, takes from the painter architraves, bases, capitals, columns, faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ades and other similar things. All the smiths, sculptors, shops and guilds are governed by the rules and art of the painter. It is scarcely possible to find any superior art which is not concerned with painting. so that whatever beauty is found can be said to be born of painting .(Book II) Furthermore, it was important to Alberti to imitate the laws of nature, rather than nature itself. He pointed out that an architect should mimic the structure of reality and the geometry hidden in reality. Like Vives and Petrarch, Alberti joined the bodily with the spi ritual to create the perfect art. But, he resembles Vives, in the sense that he believes that one should imitate several things to create one thing. One difference between Alberti and Vives is that Vives believes that one should start out imitating a person who is not the best at what he does, but someone who is better than the imitator. Eventually, according to Vives, one should be able to move up in rank and imitate the best. He says it is a wise precept of M. Fabius Quintilian that boys should not at first attempt to rise to emulation of their master, lest their strength fail them. An easier and quicker method will be to let them imitate someone more learned than themselves among their fellows, and contending with him let them gradually rise to copying their master himself. (189) Alberti does not mention this method of imitation. Instead he says that when it comes to art, on must have the favors of nature. (Book I) In other words, Alberti strongly believes that one should have a natural talent for what he is doing, and that the gradual chain of improvement is not necessarily an established method, as Vives indicates. Also, Alberti uses a style that is short and to the point. He says I beg that I may be pardoned if, where I above all wish to be understood, I have given more care to making my words clear than ornate. I believe that which follows will be less tedious to the reader. (Book I) This type of frankness is a distinguished style of writing. He uses simple rhetoric so that his audience can grasp the idea quickly. This kind of style corresponds to the type of art he is writing about. He says that he writing about a new type of art: We are, however, building anew an art of painting about which nothing, as I see it, has been written since this age.(Book II) His new style is imitating his concept of having a different type of manual towards art. Also, his main is to gear away from the Ancients and more towards the Florentine. By changing his style of writing he is achieving this, not only through what he saying about graduating art from mechanical to liberal, but also through his style and techne. Both Alberti and Vives spend time discussing subject matter. Vives splits up who should be imitated based on the subject of the piece being writer. Similarly, Alberti pays attention to the subject matter of the painting. He says that an image can only bring pleasure of the subject matter of the painting brings pleasure. Alberti believes that one must imitate the feeling he wants the viewer to have in the subject of his painting for the artwork to be successful. This is what Vives is saying when he illustrates that one must pick the best writer in the subject that he wants to write about and imitate that style to be successful. Both Petrarch and Alberti can be compared with Vives and his ideas on imitation. To all three writers imitation plays a huge role on how to present written and artistic works. All three of them believe that imitation of others will lead to success. Further, they believe that imitation is the only way to learn how to write properly. Alberti adds another assumption: he says that to be the best, one must imitate, but before the imitation process takes place, one must have a natural talent for art. Petrarch and Alberti both believe that one must mimic what they believe is the right tradition through their styles. Petrarch believes in the Ciceronian tradition and follows in Ciceros footsteps by imitating his style. Alberti is more concerned with understanding than the use of eloquent language. Overall, to all three writers imitation plays a huge role in their understanding of how written works influence their audiences.

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay Marty is a 2-year-old toddler brought into the Emergency Department by his distraught 16 year old single mother, Mandy. Mandy had been heating some chicken soup in the microwave in their council flat in Whitechapel, when her friend Tracey had rung Mandys mobile. Mandy left the boiling soup on the kitchen table leaving Marty alone in the kitchen. Mandy, hearing Martys scream, rushed back into the kitchen to find that Marty must have reached up and tipped the soup over himself mainly over his chest and torso. Mandy immediately removed Martys clothes, and wrapped him in a damp towel, and called for an ambulance. When Marty reaches the Royal London Accident and Emergency he is in considerable pain and is given an analgesic and started on intravenous fluids. Marty is assessed and found to have second-degree partial thickness burns over both of his upper arms and lower abdomen and second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest. At the periphery of these second degree burns are first-degree burns with large blisters developing some of which have burst. In total approximately 30% of Martys BSA is affected. Mandy is distraught and wants to know if Marty will be scarred for life. Learning Objectives: The normal structure and function of skin Normal wound healing Burns Classification Treatments Stem cells Prognosis Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Normal structure and function of the skin Normal structure of skin The structure of the skin is divided into three layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. (Bardia Amirlak, 2011) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.discovercosmeticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/skin-structure.jpg Source: (Discover Cosmetic Surgery, 2010) Epidermis Source: (Structure of the Skin)The epidermis is the uppermost layer of the skin and is avascular. It obtains its nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis through diffusion. The epidermis is subdivided into 5 layers the stratum basale which consists of basal (stem) cells and melanocytes, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. It is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bardia Amirlak, 2011)http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/images/epidermal%20layer.jpg Skin cells are being reproduced constantly to replace dead cells (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011). The process is as follows: Each basal cell in the stratum basale Mitosis A cell that moves upwards to form part of the stratum spinosum. Basal (Stem) cell. This remains in the stratum basale. The basal cells found in the stratum basale divide repeatedly to produce a stem cell and another cell which matures and moves upwards towards the surface of the skin. They also become drier because they are moving away from the dermis which is the cells source of fluid. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The stratum corneum cells are shed on a daily basis and new cells reproduced by the process below replace them. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) When the keratinocytes enter the stratum lucidum, they die due to apoptosis and the nucleus disappears. They form a layer of cells which is only observed in thick skin, for example, the palms of the hands. It is absent in thinner skin, for example, around the eyes. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) By the time the original cell enters the stratum corneum, it is a dead, dry, flat packet of keratin which contain no nucleus. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Dreamstime) Dendritic cells are found in the stratum spinosum which form an important part of the immune system. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells mature as they move towards the surface of the skin. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) In the stratum spinosum, the cell amasses lots of keratin which is a tough, fibrous protein to become keratinocytes. They also become drier and flatter as they mature and move upwards to form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The flat keratinocytes filled with protein granules form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells divide by mitosis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Melanocytes are also found within the stratum basale which produce melanin and this is responsible for a persons skin colour. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.dreamstime.com/anatomy-of-the-epidermis-of-the-skin-non-labeled-thumb18513932.jpg Dermis The dermis is highly vascular and consists of many structures such as sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, macrophages, dendritic cells and blood vessels. It is made up of collagen and elastic tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The dermis is subdivided into the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/rdroual/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%201/FG04_07.jpg Papillary dermis consists of the dermis between the folds of the epidermis to a short distance beneath the papillae. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Integumentary System)The reticular dermis includes the rest of the dermis and contains most of the structures listed above. As illustrated, this layer consists of dense fibrous tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Hypodermishttp://www.maharshiclinic.com/images/hypodermis.gif Source: (StudyBlue, 2010)The hypodermis lies underneath the dermis and is subdivided into two layers: a fat layer and a deep fascia layer. The deep fascia layer is made up of dense connective tissue and this encases the entire body. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Function of the skin The skin has many important functions:- Protection The skin acts as a barrier to environmental effects, such as abrasions, and microbes. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Containment It prevents dehydration by providing containment of all the tissues and organs of the body. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Heat Regulation The skin regulates body temperature using sweat glands and blood vessels by a process known as homeostasis. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Sensation Sensory nerve endings found in the skin provide sensation, for example, pain. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Vitamin D When light energy is absorbed, cholecalciferol or Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin. This promotes bone growth when metabolised and activated. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) (R. Bowen, 2011) Normal Wound Healing When the skin is injured, for example, due to a burn, the cells undergo necrosis and die. They release enzymes which kill neighbouring cells and therefore, the damage spreads. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Wound healing consists of three phases (Clinimed, 2012):- Inflammation (Clinimed, 2012) Fibroblasts produce new collagen type III tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (SP Zinn)Proliferation (Clinimed, 2012) Maturation (Clinimed, 2012) Inflammatory cells accumulate on the surface and water evaporates from the extracellular fluid causing a scab to arise. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Granulation tissue is the accumulation of blood vessels, such as capillaries, and fibroblasts. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Collagen type III is remodelled into collagen type I which is much stronger. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (Wound Care Solutions Telemedicine) During inflammation, there is an increased flow of blood to the injury site which brings white blood cells to destroy bacteria and remove any dead remains of cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Occurs over a long period of time. (SP Zinn)http://www.woundcaresolutions-telemedicine.co.uk/images/WoundHealingProcess.jpg A clot forms due to red blood cells and platelets being released. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Tissue healing takes place in the proliferative stage. It can result in complete regeneration if the stroma of the tissue is left intact. This means that a scar is not formed and the tissue can be restored to complete normalcy. However, if the stroma is distorted or damaged, then a mixture of regeneration and scarring will occur as the regenerating cells are not supported or directed appropriately. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Regeneration is also determined by the location of the injury. Tissue cells, for example, have many stem cells which allow them to undergo more successful regeneration compared to muscle cell which have a lower number of stem cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Maturation involves the remodelling of collagen fibres. This occurs over a long period of time and is only initiated after the wound has been closed. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (CliniMed, 2012)Phases of Wound Healing Burns Classification A burn is defined as an injury resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals or radiation. (WordNet Search 3.1) The classification of burns according to the layers affected is as follows (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011): Type of Burn Regions Affected Sensation Appearance Example Time to Heal Superficial(First Degree) Burns Epidermis Painful Erythema, Swelling Sunburn Superficial Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis and Papillary Dermis Painful, Sensitive to touch Formation of blisters Scalding due to boiling water 2-3 weeks Deep Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis, Papillary Dermis and Reticular Dermis Painless (due to nerve endings being damaged) White or pale (due to lack of blood vessels) Fire burn 3-6 weeks Full Thickness (Third Degree) Burns All the layers of the skin Painless(due to nerve endings being damaged) Dry and leathery Directly exposed to flame Skin grafting needed to heal Fourth Degree Burn Skin and underlying muscle and bone Painless Dry and leathery, black or purple Electrical and severe thermal burns Hospital admission is required Source: (Medical Student LC), (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Burns can also be classified by the total body surface area affected: The rule of nines can be used to estimate the total body surface area affected by a burn. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The total body surface area affected together with the patients age is used to calculate the severity of the burn and the volume of body fluid lost. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Source: (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Treatments First Aid The first aid for treatment of burns is as follows: The person must be removed from the source of burn as soon as possible. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) Clothes or jewellery must be removed from the burning area. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) The burn must be cooled for approximately 10-30 minutes using cool or lukewarm water only. It should then be covered but not wrapped, with clingfilm because it is sterile and doesnt stick to the burn. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (Bupa, 2011) The person must be kept warm to prevent hypothermia. (NHS Choices,2012) The pain can be managed with paracetamol or ibuprofen. (NHS Choices,2012) (Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) First aid must be given to the patient as soon as possible to minimise the damage caused by the burn. (NHS Choices, 2012) Treatment for different types of burns The treatment given depends on the type of burn it is: Superficial (First Degree) burns Superficial burns are treated by cooling the burn with clean water and managing the pain with the use of analgesics (painkillers) or topical solutions such as aloe vera. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Superficial burns do not result in deep wounds and blisters therefore, there is only a slim chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Partial thickness (Second degree) burns Partial thickness burns are treated in the same way as superficial burns. The first step in treating partial thickness burns is cleaning the wound with water and reducing pain and swelling with the use of analgesics. The next step is to use sterile gauze to cover the burn without breaking the blister to minimise the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) The skin layers can still regenerate after a partial thickness burn due to the stem cells present in hair follicles. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) However, severe partial thickness burns, for example, burns covering a significant proportion of the body, require medical attention and are treated using (InjuryInformation.com, 2009): First Aid to clean the burn and prevent the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Intravenous fluids to prevent excess heat and fluid loss which could lead to a decrease in blood pressure and shock. (Bupa, 2011)(Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is suspected of being infected, prophylactic antibiotics are given to treat the infection. (Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2007) (Bupa, 2011) Analgesics Analgesics will be given, for example, ibuprofen, aspiring, paracetamol, to manage the pain. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) (NHS Choices, 2012) Skin grafts to reduce scarring. This is carried out for patients with severe partial thickness, full thickness and fourth degree burns to re-establish the surface of the skin because most of the basal cells have been destroyed. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) There are four different types of skin grafts (Leah DiPlacido, 2010): Autografts The skin is taken from any part of the part of the patients body, for example, the buttocks. This is then spread over the wound and held in place using staples or stitches. (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)The main advantage of autografts is that it is no issue of rejection because it is the patients own skin. Allografts The donor skin is from another person, usually a cadaver. However, the cells in the skin need to be alive when transplanted. The disadvantage of allografts is that the patients immune system will attack the allografts leading to rejection. Therefore, this is only a temporary form of cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Xenografts The skin used is from a different species, for example, a pig. It has the same disadvantage as allografts and eventually results in rejection, therefore, xenografts are also used as a temporary cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Synthetic Tissue Burns can also be covered using synthetic tissue which is synthesised in a laboratory. It is made of collagen and carbohydrate and is placed over the wound to allow the patients own cells to grow into this engineered skin. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Full thickness (Third Degree) and Fourth degree burns Immediate emergency attention is required for these burns as all the layers of the skin are destroyed. This also increases the likelihood of an infection and therefore, these burns are treated in a sterile environment. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) All full thickness and fourth degree burns require full-thickness skin grafts in which the transplanted skin includes the underlying muscle and blood supply. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) An escharatomy is also performed in severe burns where the skin and tissue becomes inelastic and damages blood vessels thereby preventing circulation. Surgical incisions are made along the area of the burn to release the pressure of the skin and tissues so circulation can resume. (Jennifer Heisler, 2012) (Jama, 1968) There is a definite chance of scarring in full thickness and fourth degree burns because all the stem cells in the skin have been destroyed and regeneration cannot take place. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prognosis The prognosis for burn patients is dependent on the severity of the burn and the total body surface area affected. (Considerations for burn patients) Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Responsibilities Child abuse is defined as the mistreatment of a child either physically, emotionally or sexually. (Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador) There are four categories of child abuse which are recognised: Physical abuse This form of abuse involves physical mistreatment of the child, for example, hitting, burning, poisoning, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Emotional abuse This form of abuse involves the emotional mistreatment of a child which could result in childs emotional development being affected. Some examples of this include: bullying, frightening a child, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Sexual abuse This form of abuse involves forcing a child to participate in sexual activity and also forcing him/her to look at sexual images etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Neglect Neglect is defined as the failure of the parent or guardian to meet the basic physical and psychological needs of the child, for example, emotional neglect, failure to protect the child from danger, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Some of the symptoms of child abuse include: Withdrawal of child (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Physical marks and bruises which indicate towards physical abuse or neglect (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Overdose of toxic substances could indicate towards physical abuse (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) The child might be afraid of physical contact, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) If a child is suspected of being abused, the doctor should discuss the case with their colleagues and if necessary, the child and family should be referred to social services. If possible, consent should try to be obtained and the carer involved. However, if the doctor feels that the child is at immediate risk, then the emergency services must be informed immediately. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Conclusion Looking at the scenario, it can be seen that Mandy carried out the correct first aid procedure by wrapping Marty in a damp towel as this will cool the burn and prevent the risk of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) In A E, Marty was given the treatment required for the above burns, for example, analgesics and intravenous fluids. However, for the second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest, he might require skin grafts from another part of his body such as the buttocks to minimise scarring and re-establish the growth of epidermis. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) In conclusion, I think that Marty will recover fully with some scarring on the upper chest; however, he might need psychological support and counselling to help deal with the scars. Source: (Natalie Verney, 2012)As this is the first case of neglect, Marty must be observed to see if any such incident happens again. The social services can also be involved to help Mandy take care of Marty. She can also be advised to join support groups, for example, Netmums to help cope physically and mentally. http://www.heart.co.uk/u/apps/asset_manager/uploaded/2012/23/netmums-logo-1339067868.jpg

racism Essay -- essays research papers

One sentence that summarizes economics is, â€Å"there’s no such thing as a free lunch.† Sure, anyone can have a lunch and not pay for it, but it still is not free. Everything costs something to someone. Even if you don’t pay for your lunch, someone will, whether it be your lunch partner, the restaurant manager, the owner, or the people who supply the raw materials to make that food. Everything acquired by a person or a community is accompanied by a price, monetary or not. Jaime Fox said, â€Å"Ain’t nothing in this world for free, and it blows my mind how many fools just don’t get that.† I agree with this statement. Many forms of literature, such as Martin Luther King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† and â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† by Fredrick Douglas, have documented the high price paid for freedom and basic human rights; they show that even freedom, where the root word is â€Å"free†, has an expensive tag.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually, when we think of something as being free, we associate it with money. I believe Jaime Fox’s statement can be applied to so much more than â€Å"bought† materials. For many years, African Americans and other minorities have been fighting for freedom, a right that has been won with hard work, spilled blood, broken bones, and tears. This is the ultimate price tag. In Dr. King’s speech he claimed that by signing the Constitution and the Declaration of independence, the â€Å"architects of our republic wrote a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, Black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned† (447). He urges his audience, of both white and black citizens, to fight fo r these rights promised to all Americans. â€Å"We have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice† (448). He insists that they fight with their minds and not their force. Dr. King and all those who listened to him, who fought with him, who put their lives in danger with him, they, put the down payment on endless lease we have taken out on freedom. Although Dr. King’s discussion of freedom has affected everyone in America personally, his address of freedom was on a larg... ...w York (147). Nothing he gained was free, he has to fail, be beaten, learn to write, and then devise a life-threatening plan to be able to have the most basic of freedoms. During his time, it wasn’t a right, it was a privilege he was legally denied. New generations seem to have forgotten that high costs were stapled to the back of liberty. We think that basic human rights is something that everyone should have immediately. Some believe that these rights should be imposed as early as conception. People sometimes forget that although we are now only paying â€Å"maintenance fees,† our ancestors had to buy it with the currency they had. In order for all of us to enjoy the same civil rights, people before us had to suffer without them. Like Fox said, â€Å"many fools just don’t get that.† Today, many Americans still believe we are fighting for freedom in our country. We still fight for freedom of expression, freedom from segregation, and freedom to be who we are. Jaime Fox did say that nothing in this world is free. He was right. No one can feed a person for free because it will impose a cost on someone else. The funny thing is, that even the things that don’t cost anything to give to someone

Representation: How Have the Youth of Today Been Portrayed in Documentaries Essay

The youth of today are viewed as being an uncontrollable generation; events such as the London Riots have created a shift of perspective of youths in the United Kingdom. This uncontrollable generation is depicted through social issues such as binge drinking, drugs, smoking; as well as violence and unemployment. Most of the representations in the media today are exaggerated to an extent for entertainment purposes; such as documentaries, news and reality television shows. I will be looking into documentaries to view how the youth of today are being portrayed whether it is positive or negative and if it conforms to cultural stereotypes of society. The image of teenagers has changed over the many years with Stanley Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rocker (1972); has led the innovative discussion on the constantly growing image of the teenager. He used moral panics to describe the emergence of individuals or groups to become defined ‘as a threat to societal values and interests’ [1]. His book has been evolutionary to the perspective of teenagers and his inspection of youth gangs; most notably the ‘Mods and Rockers’. This links to the London riots of 2011 that had shook the nation, the tension between gangs and the police grew resulting into chaos. Such a social issue is viewed as a taboo of the current era and the media took a pivotal role to generate facts and spread anxiety and fear; thus creating a Moral Panic in the UK. The first documentary that I will be analysing is Channel 4’s documentary ‘Educating Essex’. The Passmores School in Harlow, Essex, is a successful school in a challenging area. The documentary exposes what life is really like for today’s students and teachers. The school had been rigged with 65 fixed cameras – from the corridors to the canteen, and from the head teacher’s office to the detention hall – to reveal every detail of daily life. The first programme of the series joins the deputy head at Passmores School in Essex and sees how he deals with emotional teenagers. The depiction of teenagers in this documentary varies and the audience views a lot of head on confrontation between students and teachers. The young adults in this documentary are all shown to be underachievers who hassle teachers, and cause problems within the classroom. The portrayal of teenagers in the series is progressively negative, due to their constant confrontations with teachers and their actions in lesson. The dress code of the adolescence in this documentary is disordered. This is shown to the public to allow viewing what teenagers look like at school and the deteriorating education system. The documentary also displays the binary oppositions between the student and teacher, and soon it becomes the centre of attention of the documentary. Channel 4’s documentary making is heavily edited (also mediated) and shows only the points of commotion throughout the day at the secondary school. The target audience is identified through the documentaries use of colloquial language. The target audience is teenagers and young adults/ parent with the ages ranging from 14- 24 years. Most will watch as to identify with the students, but some may watch for information. The media plays a key role in the representation of teenagers as well as influencing their young minds. In the research paper: The Influence of Media Violence on Youth; ‘violent television and films, video games, and music reveal unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviour in both immediate and long-term contexts’[2]. The research paper goes on to describe how reality television, gaming and music are leaders in the influence of youngsters minds. In Dr Kate Orton-Johnsons talk on Youth Culture, Media and Society she describes how ‘Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion about youth culture and the various forms of social practices that young people engage in’ [3]. Albert Bandura’s: Bobo-Doll Experiment highlighted the role of social imitation of aggression. Thus, the more you are exposed to violence the more you are prone to repeat the same acts that you as the individual have witnessed [4]. The second documentary I will be analysing is Ross Kemp on Gangs: Liverpool where he visits Liverpool to investigate the infamous postcode L11 gangs. The murder of an 11-year-old boy in a Liverpool suburb alerted the country to the city’s escalating gang culture. Rhys Jones was an innocent bystander caught in the crossfire of gang war. Ross Kemp goes in search of the youth gangs said to be causing mayhem on Liverpool’s streets and asks whether this area is becoming a reputation of a hub of gun and gang crime. Ross Kemps documentary style is investigative and it involves one of ‘the six types of modes of documentary’ [5] that Bill Nicholas identified. This documentary in particular involves the participatory mode of documentation in which the film maker is directly involved with the subject, while all events are recorded. The youngsters in this documentary are portrayed as being violent, ignorant and unemployed. This conforms to the cultural stereotypes of the ‘teenager’. The guardian newspaper wrote an article on the cultural stereotypes that young adults face and tries to show the two ends of the spectrum. The article allows youngsters to have an input to the stereotypes that they face and express their view on the issue at hand. ‘It doesn’t matter how you look, speak or dress, the only criterion required is whether you’re a young person’ [6]. The newspaper highlights a binary opposition between youths and adults. Ross Kemps approach to the youngsters in this documentary appears to be welcoming. As he interviews them he climaxes the fact that young men from deprived, and that neglected areas are failed by the state and thus, these youngsters resort to violence, drugs and overall suffer from unemployment as a consequence. These young adults are not only failed by the state but also on behalf of the education system and their parent. This documentary is revealed to be somewhat sympathetic towards the youth of today reiterating the fact that youngsters are victims of the adult world.

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander Anaximander was a Greek philosopher who had a deep interest in cosmology as well as a systematic view of the world (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although little about his life and world is known today he was one of the first philosophers to write down his studies and he was an advocate of science and trying to understand the structure and organization of the world. As such he made many significant contributions to early geography and cartography and he is believed to have created the first published world map. Anaximander’s Life Anaximander was born in 610 B.C.E. in Miletus (present-day Turkey). Little is known about his early life but it is believed that he was a student of the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (Encyclopedia Britannica). During his studies, Anaximander wrote about astronomy, geography and the nature and organization of the world around him. Today only a small portion of Anaximander’s work survives and much of what is known about his work and life is based on reconstructions and summaries by later Greek writers and philosophers. For example in the 1st or 2nd century C.E. Aetius became compiling the work of early philosophers. His work was later followed by that of Hippolytus in the 3rd century and Simplicius in the 6th century (Encyclopedia Britannica). Despite the work of these philosophers, however, many scholars believe that Aristotle and his student Theophrastus are most responsible for what is known about Anaximander and his work today (The European Graduate School). Their summaries and reconstructions show that Anaximander and Thales formed the Milesian School of Pre-Socratic philosophy. Anaximander is also credited with inventing the gnomon on the sundial and he believed in a single principle that was the basis for the universe (Gill). Anaximander is known for writing a philosophical prose poem called On Nature and today only a fragment still exists (The European Graduate School). It is believed that many of the summaries and reconstructions of his work were based on this poem. In the poem, Anaximander describes a regulating system that governs the world and the cosmos. He also explains that there is an indefinite principle and element that form the basis for the Earth’s organization (The European Graduate School). In addition to these theories Anaximander also early new theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. Contributions to Geography and Cartography Because of his focus on the organization of the world much of Anaximander’s work contributed significantly to the development of early geography and cartography. He is credited with designing the first published map (which was later revised by Hecataeus) and he may have also built one of the first celestial globe (Encyclopedia Britannica). Anaximander’s map, although not detailed, was significant because it was the first attempt to show the entire world or at least the portion that was known to the ancient Greeks at the time. It is believed that Anaximander created this map for a number of reasons. One of which was to improve navigation between the colonies of Miletus and other colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas (Wikipedia.org). Another reason for creating the map was to show the known world to other colonies in an attempt to make them want to join the Ionian city-states (Wikipedia.org). The final stated for creating the map was that Anaximander wanted to show a global representation of the known world to increase knowledge for himself and his peers.   Anaximander believed that the inhabited portion of the Earth was flat and it was made up of the top face of a cylinder (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also stated that the Earth’s position was not supported by anything and it simply remained in place because it was equidistant from all other things (Encyclopedia Britannica).   Other Theories and Accomplishments In addition to the structure of the Earth itself, Anaximander was also interested in the structure of the cosmos, the origin of the world and evolution. He believed that the sun and moon were hollow rings filled with fire. The rings themselves according to Anaximander had vents or holes so that the fire could shine through. The different phases of the moon and eclipses were a result of the vents closing. In trying to explain the origin of the world Anaximander developed a theory that everything originated from the apeiron (the indefinite or infinite) instead of from a specific element (Encyclopedia Britannica). He believed that motion and the ape iron were the origin of the world and motion caused opposite thing such as hot and cold or wet and dry land for instance to be separated (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also believed that the world was not eternal and would eventually be destroyed so a new world could begin. In addition to his belief in apeiron, Anaximander also believed in evolution for the development of the Earth’s living things. The world’s first creatures were said to have come from evaporation and humans came from another type of animal (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although his work was later revised by other philosophers and scientists to be more accurate, Anaximander’s writings were significant to the development of early geography, cartography, astronomy and other fields because they represented one of the first attempts to explain the world and its structure/organization. Anaximander died in 546 B.C.E. in Miletus. To learn more about Anaximander visit the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.